A REVIEW ON ALZHIMER'S DISEASE: PATHOLOGY, MOLECULAR CONDITIONS, MANAGEMNT AND CAUSES

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that starts slowly, progressively leads to death and contributes to about 60-70% cases of dementia. AD is characterized with Senile Plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and the major symptoms include problems with language, dis-orientation of words, unable to manage self-care, memory loss and behavioural issues which gradually lead to completely lose bodily functions later. The actual cause for the disease is not known till date. Recent research show distinct paths that closely try to reveal various cytoplasmic, genetic, behavioural, environmental and epigenetic causes that may lead to the development of AD. Most likely all studies target the Senile Plaques, protein fragments called beta-amyloid and Neurofibrillary Tangles, twisted fibres of a protein called tau. Since, the exact causative mechanism is not yet clearly understood, ultimately finding a suitable treatment or management for the disease has also become an ominous challenge for researchers.Â

Comparative Study of Public-key cryptosystems in Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is a service model in which data is maintained, managed and backed up remotely and made available to users over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud storage can provide the benefits of greater accessibility and reliability. In cloud storage different members can share that data through different virtual machines but present on single physical machine. But the thing is user don’t have physical control over the outsourced data. As a result there is a need of effective method to share data securely among different users. This can be achieved using cryptography, which helps in encrypting the data to be stored in cloud storage to protect against unauthorized access. Here we introduce a public-key cryptosystem which produce ciphertexts of constant size such a way that an systematic assignment of decryption virtue for any number of ciphertexts are possible. The modernity is that one can combine a set of secret keys and make them as mini single key with holding the same ability of all the keys that are formed in each group. This compact aggregate key can be efficiently sent to others or to be stored in a smart card with little secure storage. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150314

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE OCULAR INSERTS OF BRIMONIDINE-TARTRATE AND TIMOLOL MALEATE

Objective: The current work was attempted to formulate and evaluate a controlled-release matrix-type ocular inserts containing a combination of brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate, with a view to sustain the drug release in the cul-de-sac of the eye.Methods: Initially, the infrared studies were done to determine the drug–polymer interactions. Sodium alginate-loaded ocuserts were prepared by solvent casting technique. Varying the concentrations of polymer—sodium alginate, plasticizer—glycerine, and cross-linking agent—calcium chloride by keeping the drug concentration constant, made a total of nine formulations. These formulations were evaluated for its appearance, drug content, weight uniformity, thickness uniformity, percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorption, and in vitro release profile of the ocuserts. Finally, accelerated stability studies and the release kinetics were performed on the optimised formulation.Results: It was perceived that polymer, plasticizer, and calcium chloride had a significant influence on the drug release. The data obtained from the formulations showed that formulation—F9 was the optimised formulation, which exhibited better drug release. The release data of the optimised formulation tested on the kinetic models revealed that it exhibited first-order release kinetics. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a natural bioadhesive hydrophilic polymer such as sodium alginate can be used as a film former to load water soluble and hydrophilic drugs like brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate. Among all formulations, F9 with 400 mg sodium alginate, 2% calcium chloride and 60 mg glycerin were found to be the most suitable insert in terms of appearance, ease of handling, thickness, in vitro drug release and stability

ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF NSSNPS IN CYP1A1 TOWARDS BENZOTHIAZOLES BINDING

Objective: CYP1A1 involved in biotransformation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines/amides (HAAs) and results in electrophilic reactive intermediates that leads to toxicity and cancer, thus influencing the fields of cancer research.Benzothiazole and its analogs are known for their anti-tumor activity because they act as potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist thus binds AhR and results in induction of CYP1A1 which forms DNA adduct and leads to cell death by activation of apoptotic mechanism. The main aim of this study is to extrapolate the relationship between nsSNPs of CYP1A1 and their effects in Benzothiazoles binding capability.Methods: Computational analysis of deleterious mutations in CYP1A1 and their impact on its structure were as well as altered drug response to Benzothiazoles based drug DF 203, NSC 674495 were studied. Furthermore molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) approach was conducted to investigate conformational changes in the mutant protein structure with respect to its native conformation.Results: Our studies revealed that 6 deleterious nsSNPs CYP1A1 have the impact on structural stability based on secondary structural patterns and molecular dynamics and altered drug response was seen in nsSNP rs2229150 (R93W) for the drug 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl) benzothiazole (DF 203, NSC 674495).Conclusion: Our study would be helpful to understand the nsSNP effect on CYP1A1 which in turn leads to carcinogenesis as well as Benzothiazole (DF-203) binding affinity and designing individualized therapeutic treatments

Impact of the upper tropospheric cooling trend over Central Asia on the Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the Bay of Bengal cyclone tracks

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall had three decade long alternate dry and wet epochs during the 150 years from 1840 to 1989. The dry epochs had frequent drought monsoons affecting agriculture, power generation and the overall economy of the country. A high percentage of severe cyclones in the Bay of Bengal moved northwards during the dry epochs causing disasters in Bangladesh, Myanmar and the Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal. These dry epochs have been shown to be associated with the cold phase of the Atlantic multi decadal oscillation in sea-surface temperature. Using the available tropospheric temperature (re-analysis) data since 1948, the recent dry epoch during 1960-89 which had 10 monsoon drought years was found to have cold upper tropospheric temperature anomaly over Central Asia. This cold anomaly region has also experienced a long-term cooling trend. Extrapolating the naturally occurring epochal nature of the ocean-atmosphere system into the future, we fear that the epoch 2020-49 is likely to be another dry one, and the cooling trend over the Asian continent is likely to make it even more severe in its impact than 1960-89. This article presents details of an ocean-atmosphere instability that generates frequent drought monsoons during dry epochs which needs urgent research

Game Theory and Climate Change

Climate change perceptions and perceived risk in the United States has become increasingly partisan, with increased belief in and support for climate change and regulation among democrats, but decreased belief and support among republicans. These divergences are partly attributable to increasingly partisan news outlet viewership and coverage. We inhabited a game theory model to recognize optimal climate change communication strategy through news media outlets. Actor strategies included whether to converse with pro- and/or anti-climate change new outlets, and to emphasize regulation, renewable energy, whether climate change is real, man-made, and/or causes harm to the United States Payoffs consisted of change in public opinion for each of the candidate topics actors can chose to emphasize. Solutions to games where players have a continuous choice about how much to pollute, games where players make decisions about treaty participation, and games where players make decisions about treaty ratification, are examined. The implications of linking cooperation on climate change with cooperation on other issues, such as trade, are examined. Cooperative and non-cooperative approaches to coalition formation are investigated in order to examine the behavior of coalitions cooperating on climate change. One approach to accomplish assistance is to design a game, known as an apparatus, whose equilibrium corresponds to an optimal outcome

Anomalous behaviour of the Indian summer monsoon 2009

The Indian subcontinent witnessed a severe monsoon drought in the year 2009. India as a whole received 77 of its long period average during summer monsoon season (1 June to 30 September) of 2009, which is the third highest deficient all India monsoon season rainfall year during the period 1901-2009. Therefore, an attempt is made in this paper to study the characteristic features of summer monsoon rainfall of 2009 over the country and to investigate some of the possible causes behind the anomalous behaviour of the monsoon. Presence of El Niñno like conditions in the Pacific and warming over the equatorial Indian Ocean altered the circulation patterns and produced an anomalous low level convergence and ascending motion over the Indian Ocean region and large scale subsidence over the Indian landmass. Furthermore, the crossequatorial flow was weak, the monsoon was dominated by the slower 30-60 day mode, and the synoptic systems, which formed over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, did not move inland. All the above features resulted in less moisture supply over the Indian landmass, resulting in subdued rainfall activity leading to a severe monsoon drought during 2009

Comparison of efficacy of Labetalol Versus Alpha Methyl Dopa in the management of Pre eclampsia

INTRODUCTION: Pre Eclampsia is a multi-system disorder of unknown etiology, unique to pregnancy characterized by occurrence of Gestational Hypertension along with proteinuria after the 20th week of pregnancy in a previously normotensive and non-protienuric patient. Gestational Hypertension is defined as Systolic blood pressure of 140 mm of Hg or more and Diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm of Hg or more on two occasions, measured at least 6 hours apart but within 7 days. Proteinuria is defined as excretion of 0.3 g or more of protein in a 24 hour urine sample or >1+ on dipstick in a random sample after excluding urinary tract infection. Pre Eclampsia complicates 2-8% of pregnancies. Pre Eclampsia can affect virtually every organ system in the body and is a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Pre Eclampsia, when not controlled or left untreated can lead to catastrophes like Eclampsia, Abruptio placenta, HELLP syndrome, fetal growth restriction, and intrauterine fetal death. Though the definitive treatment of Pre Eclampsia is termination of pregnancy, aggressive treatment is necessary to ameliorate the disease progression in order to carry on the pregnancy till adequate fetal maturity is obtained. Oral anti hypertensive drugs have a major role in the management of Pre Eclampsia. A comparison is made here between Labetalol and the commonly used drug Alpha methyl dopa in the management of Pre Eclampsia. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study compares the efficacy of oral Labetalol versus oral Alpha methyl dopa in the management of Pre Eclampsia in terms of reducing the blood pressure, need for labour induction, mean birth weight, APGAR score and rate of neonatal admissions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized prospective comparative study was conducted at Institute of Social Obstetrics and Govt. Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children, Triplicane, Chennai, on hundred patients, diagnosed as preeclampsia and admitted in the Eclampsia ward. Study Design: Prospective case control study. Duration of Study: From September 2010 to August 2011. METHODOLOGY: The patients included in this study were assigned to two groups at random of 50 patients in each group. GROUP 1: Tablet Alpha methyl dopa (Aldomet) 250 mg was given thrice daily. GROUP 2: Tablet Labetalol 100 mg was given twice daily. Inclusion Criteria: All patients with Gestational Hypertension (more than 20 weeks of gestation till term). • Systolic Blood Pressure of 140 mm of Hg or more. • Diastolic Blood Pressure of 90 mm of Hg or more. • Proteinuria ( 0.3 g in 24 hours or more/ 1+ dipstick or more). Exclusion Criteria: • Chronic Hypertension. • Renal Disease. • Liver Disease. • Bronchial Asthma. • GDM. • Cardiac Disease. • Imminent symptoms : _ Headache. _ Blurring. _ Epigastric pain. _ Oliguria(<500 mg/24 hrs). • Complications – _ Acute LVF. _ Coagulation failure. _ Intracerebral Hemorrhage. _ HELLP Syndrome. • Eclampsia. SUMMARY: This is a study comparing the efficacy of oral Labetalol and Alpha methyl dopa in the management of preeclampsia, carried out in ISO KGH. • The time duration of the study was from September 2010 to August 2011. • 100 patients diagnosed as preeclampsia and admitted to ISO KGH were included in this study. • Inclusion criteria included those who came under the definition of preeclampsia. • Exclusion criteria included those who had pre-existing medical disorders, those who had features of imminent Eclampsia, Eclampsia and those who developed complications of preeclampsia like acute left ventricular failure and HELLP syndrome. • These 100 patients were assigned to two groups at random of 50 patients in each group. Group 1 was started on tablet Alpha methyl dopa 250 mg thrice daily and Group 2 was started on tablet Labetalol 100 mg twice daily. Blood Pressure and proteinuria was recorded every 12th hourly. • The treatment was continued till delivery if the blood pressure is controlled. If the blood pressure was not controlled within 48 hours, the dose of drugs was doubled. • The relationship of age, parity, gestational age and body mass index to prevalence of preeclampsia in both the groups has been analyzed. Also the fall in BP after 48 hrs, need to increase the dose of the drugs, need for labour induction, method of delivery, blood pressure at the time of delivery, birth weight, APGAR score and neonatal admissions in each group has been analyzed. CONCLUSION: This is a study comparing the efficacy of Labetalol and Alpha methyl dopa in the management of preeclampsia, in which 50 patients were started on oral Labetalol and 50 patients were started on oral Alpha methyl dopa. • Significant fall in the diastolic blood pressure after 48 hrs occurred only in the labetalol group (p = 0.007). • In the Alpha methyl dopa group, there was a significant need to increase the dose of the drug after 48 hrs (p = 0.043). • There appears to be no significant difference in the rate of induction between the two groups (p =0.585). • The mean birth weight was significantly higher (p = 0.00) in the labetalol group (3.11 kg) compared to the alpha methyl dopa group (2.67 kg). • There was no significant difference in the APGAR scores (p = 0.090) and rate of neonatal admissions (p =0.240) in both the groups