BURDEN SHARING AT THE IMF

In the context of the financial governance of the International Monetary Fund, what are the equity implications of the way in which the IMF distributes the cost of running its regular (non-concessionary) lending operations as well as how it funds its concessionary lending and debt relief operations? While the IMF charges borrowers roughly what it pays its creditor members for the resources used in its regular lending operations, its overhead costs (administrative budget plus addition to reserves) are shared between the two groups of members in a less equitable manner. With overhead costs rising inexorably to meet the increasing number and range of responsibilities being placed on the institution – largely at the instance of the IMF‘s principal creditors by virtue of their dominant majority of voting power – the under-representation of the IMF’s debtors undermines the legitimacy of its decision making. With regard to the concessionary lending and debt relief operations, some of the IMF’s funding modalities have involved a substantial contribution by IMF debtors, sometimes under pressure. While this has been accepted as part of an intra-developing-country burden-sharing exercise, it has also significantly reduced the cost to developed countries of meeting their responsibilities to the poorest members of the international community.

THE FUTURE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

This paper looks at the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the evolving global financial system from the perspective of developing country interests. It finds that on certain issues, such as the scope and purposes of its lending operations, a consensus has been reached that IMF should continue to serve all its members, including the poorest, and that its resources should be available for supporting macro-relevant structural reforms as well as for dealing with financial crises. On a number of other issues, there remain differences between industrial and developing country views, including on the extension of IMF surveillance to cover the observance of international standards and codes. Largely unsettled are the modalities of the involvement of the private sector in crisis resolution, with special reference to the development of arrangements in the international sphere that would be analogous to domestic bankruptcy procedures, including the declaration of standstills and principles for orderly and equitable debt workouts. The liberalization of the capital account and the choice of exchange regimes are two interconnected areas in which international prescriptions conflict with developing country insistence on the preservation of national autonomy and in favour of intermediate regimes, as opposed to corner solutions. The scope and content of IMF conditionality raises the issue of how to reconcile it with the importance of assuring country ownership. Finally, the governance of IMF poses questions about the exercise of decision-making powers in the institution. Developing country positions are evolving in all these areas, especially on the subject of private-sector involvement in financial crisis prevention and resolution. However, there appears to be a general preference for a more rules-based framework, rather than one derived on a “case-by-case” basis. There are four areas of great interest to developing countries where the international debate has remained muted or has been largely absent in the recent literature: these relate to the surveillance over, and coordination of, the macroeconomic policies of the three principal international currency issuers; the relationship of international and regional arrangements; the distribution of voting power in both IMF and the international system generally, and the future evolution of the international reserve system.

IFI Conditionality on Governance

This note looks at the dilemmas faced in the application of conditions on governance by the international financial institutions (IFI) in the course of their lending operations in member states. Governance relates to the activities of governments and other public sector entities in the exercise of their financial and regulatory functions and that bear directly on the proper use of funds provided by the IFI. Given the extensive range of state action, conditions relating to governance can apply to diverse areas, including the allocation of public expenditures and the collection of taxes, the rules affecting procurement of goods and services by public authorities, the effectiveness of the judicial system in enforcing contracts and the arbitration of claims and obligations between governments and all the social entities they deal with

Culture of Social Peace in Galilee Schools from a Community Perspective and Proposals for its Dissemination

The present study aimed to identify the culture of social peace in Galilee Schools from a community perspective and present proposals to school administration for ways of disseminating this culture. The study sample consisted of (27) participants, who were purposely chosen, including principals, teachers and representatives of civil society and local institutions. The interview utilized in the data collection process. The results showed that the respondents look at the culture of social peace from several perspectives including: the development of sound peaceful relations, the adoption of system of positive values ​​and attitudes, creating a set of positive outcomes, the rejection of violence in all its forms, and the system of positive behaviors. The results also showed that there were several proposals for disseminating the culture of social peace arranged in descending order: the development of positive descriptive school environment, the role of the school as an agent for education and educational development and enjoys the culture of social peace and good role models, the commendation for the positive results of the culture of social peace for society, and the provision of programs and events that promote the culture of social peace. Keywords: school administration, culture of social peace, Galilee Schools

Impact of Job Loyalty, Management Performance, Rewards and Recognition and Firm Size on Profitability in Supply Chain of Bank: Empirical Study on Islamic Banks in Iraq

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of job loyalty, management performance, rewards and recognition, and firm size on profitability in supply chain of bank. Islamic banking industry share increasing day by day and this industry growing rapidly. The model of current study developed on the basis of theoretical background. To investigate the hypothesized model of current study quantitative research design was followed. Data were collected through questionnaire and two hundred ninety 290 questionnaires were distributed among employees of Islamic banks in Iraq. To test the proposed hypothesis SPSS version 23 was used to analyze data. The findings revealed that job loyalty, management performance, rewards and recognition, and firm size have significant and positive impact on bank profitability. The values of this paper show that job loyalty, management performance, rewards and recognition, and firm size enhance the bank profitability

Factors Predisposing to Organ (s) Dysfunction among Critically Ill Adult Patients at a Selected University Hospital in Egypt

Multiple organs dysfunction is one of the most challenging clinical problems in the intensive care units. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and the main cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Therefore, requires efforts of of the health care team especially critical care nurses who are the healthcare providers and most closely involved in the daily care of critically ill patients. They have the opportunity to early detect and identify patients at risk for the development organs dysfunction. Aim of the study: to identify factors predisposing to organ(s) dysfunction among critically ill adult patients at a selected university hospital. Research questions: Q1-What is the frequency of organ dysfunction among critically ill adult patients at a selected university hospital, in Egypt? Q2-What are diffrent predisposing factors to organ dysfunction among critically ill adult patients at a selected university hospital, in Egypt?. Research design: A descriptive/exploratory research design was utilized. Sample: A sample of convince consisting of 110 adult male and female critically ill patients admitted to to different intensive care units over a period of six months was included. Tools of data collection: Four tools were utilized for data collection: Sociodemographic and Medical data Sheet; Predisposing Factors to Organ (s) Dysfunction Assessment Sheet; Physical Assessment Sheet; and The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA). Results: The current study revealed that: more than half (55.5%) of the studied sample had two organs dysfunction, of these (n=33/54.1%) were in age group from 58 - < 68, with no significant statistical relationship between the age and frequency of organs dysfunction (?2/P = 20.24/0.20). Infection, heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes were the common predisposing factors to organ(s) dysfunction in percentages of 63.6%, 30.2%, & 22% respectively. Mild degree of organs dysfunction were most frequently noticed on admission, after 24 and 96 hours of admission to the ICU with mean SOFA scores of 5.08 ± 1.601, 4.87± 1.86, & 5.00 ± 1.87 respectively. The mean total and subtotal SOFA scores didn’t differ significantly in different assessment times (F / P= 1.29/0.35, 3.63/0.10, 2.69/0.72). The fate of the studied sample differed significantly in relation to the total mean SOFA scores (?2= 54.96, p= 0.000). Conclusion: multi-organ(s) dysfunction was evident among critically ill patients. The most common predisposing factors were comorbidity diseases, infection on admission, after 48 and 96 hours of admission, having different types of shock, and trauma. So, identification and management of these predisposing factors may decrease the complication and improve patients' outcomes. Recommendations: Based on findings of the present study the following are recommended: strict application of universal precautions / infection control measures; prevention, and early detection of shock, sepsis, and so organ dysfunction; designing continuous practical educational programs about the application of the strict aseptic technique, the universal precautions and infection control for critical care nurses; Designing booklets and posters about early manifestation, predisposing factors, and importance of prevention of sepsis and organ dysfunction for critical care nurses; and utilization of SOFA scores in the management of patient with sepsis and organ dysfunction. Key words: Predisposing factors, Organ(s) Dysfunction, Critically Ill Patients, Sepsis, SOFA scores

Treating Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Proteus Spp. were Isolated from Renal Stone Patients by Crataegus rhipidophylla and Adiantum capillus

Nine isolates of Proteus spp. were isolated from 100 urine samples of renal stone patients which were the urine specimens obtained directly from Sulaimani Teaching Hospital Laboratory, and identified according to the cultural characteristic, morphological, biochemical examination. The antibiotic susceptibility test for all isolates were conducted to nine antimicrobial agents including (Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Tetracycline(TE), Neomycin (N), Gentamicin (CN), Erythromycin (E), Nitrofurantoin (F), Naldixic acid (NA), Imipenem (IPM), Amoxicillin (AX). Plasmid analysis of these isolates showed presence are (22) Kb plasmid. Curing of antibiotic resistance genes by using methanol extracts for leave of Crataegus rhipidophylla  and Adiantum capillus was performed. The minimum inhibitory concentration of these medicinal plants through methanol extracts which were 5000 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml for Ailanthus altissima and Adiantum capillus respectively. The Sub minimum inhibition concentration (SMIC) was also determined. The results of transformation and curing experiments revealed that SMIC of Ailanthus altissima extract was cured or eliminated plasmid completely, and (SMIC) of Adiantum capillus was cured (CN, E, and AX) resistant genes

Numerical method for evaluation triple integrals by using midpoint's rule

In this paper, we derive method to find the values of the triple integrals numerically its integrands continuous but have singularity in partial derivatives in the region of the integrals by using Midpoint's rule on the three x,y and dimensions z , and  how to findthe general form of the errors (correction terms) and we will improve the results by using Romberg acceleraion[3],[6] from correction terms that we found it when the number of (l)subintervals that divided interval integral on the exterior dimension z equal to twice the number of subintervals(n) on the interior dimension x and the number of subintervals (m) on the middle dimension y ,that is mean ( h3=1/2 h1 , h1 = h2 ) when h1 means the distances between the ordinates on the x- axis, h2 means the distances between the ordinates on the y- axis and h3 means the distances between the ordinates on the z-axis and we denote to this method by  Mid3 (h1,h2,h3 ) and we can depend on it to calculate the triple integrals because it gave high accuracy in results by few subintervals

Development of smart house model to control lighting, temperature, and gas leakage detection system

Smart houses one of Internet of things application. It is difficult to manage the energy loss due to inefficient control of electrical devices running inside the houses. Also fire due to gas leaking could cause a huge damage in the house. This paper is evaluating people awareness about smart houses in Kuala Lumpur and Sydney, and to propose a system to control light, temperature and to detect gas leaking. LabVIEW used to design lighting, temperature and gas leakage detection system. Arduino used to interface between software system and sensors and actuators of hardware system. The result showed that 88.7% and 90.2 % of people in Kuala Lumpur and Sydney respectively heard about smart houses, the offered system is able to control lighting and monitor house environment for humidity, temperature and gas leaking. In conclusion, the smart house model is potential to reduce the losses in the energy, and decrease the danger of fire disasters. Keywords - Smart houses; LabVIEW; Arduino ONU, sensors