Rapid identification and typing of Yersinia pestis and other Yersinia species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Accurate identification is necessary to discriminate harmless environmental <it>Yersinia </it>species from the food-borne pathogens <it>Yersinia enterocolitica </it>and <it>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis </it>and from the group A bioterrorism plague agent <it>Yersinia pestis</it>. In order to circumvent the limitations of current phenotypic and PCR-based identification methods, we aimed to assess the usefulness of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) protein profiling for accurate and rapid identification of <it>Yersinia </it>species. As a first step, we built a database of 39 different <it>Yersinia </it>strains representing 12 different <it>Yersinia </it>species, including 13 <it>Y. pestis </it>isolates representative of the Antiqua, Medievalis and Orientalis biotypes. The organisms were deposited on the MALDI-TOF plate after appropriate ethanol-based inactivation, and a protein profile was obtained within 6 minutes for each of the <it>Yersinia </it>species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When compared with a 3,025-profile database, every <it>Yersinia </it>species yielded a unique protein profile and was unambiguously identified. In the second step of analysis, environmental and clinical isolates of <it>Y. pestis </it>(n = 2) and <it>Y. enterocolitica </it>(n = 11) were compared to the database and correctly identified. In particular, <it>Y. pestis </it>was unambiguously identified at the species level, and MALDI-TOF was able to successfully differentiate the three biotypes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data indicate that MALDI-TOF can be used as a rapid and accurate first-line method for the identification of <it>Yersinia </it>isolates.</p

Colonic miRNA Expression/Secretion, Regulated by Intestinal Epithelial PepT1, Plays an Important Role in Cell-to-Cell Communication during Colitis

PepT1 is a member of the proton-oligopeptide cotransporter family SLC15, which mediates the transport of di/tripeptides from intestinal lumen into epithelial cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a small noncoding RNAs (21–23 nucleotides), posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to the 39-untranslated regions (UTRs) of their target mRNAs. Although the role of most miRNAs remains elusive, they have been implicated in vital cellular functions such as intestinal epithelial cells differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of intestinal epithelial PepT1 expression on microRNA (miRNA) expression/secretion in the colons of control mice and in mice with experimentally induced colonic inflammation (colitis). The colonic miRNA expression was deregulated in both colitis and control mice but the deregulation of miRNA expression/secretion was specific to colonic tissue and did not affect other tissues such as spleen and liver. Intestinal epithelial PepT1-dependent deregulation of colonic miRNA expression not only affects epithelial cells but also other cell types, such as intestinal macrophages. Importantly, we found the miRNA 23b which was known to be involved in inflammatory bowel disease was secreted and transported between cells to impose a gene-silencing effect on recipient intestinal macrophages. Based on our data, we may conclude that the expression of a specific protein, PepT1, in the intestine affects local miRNA expression/secretion in the colon on a tissue specific manner and may play an important role during the induction and progression of colitis. Colonic miRNA expression/secretion, regulated by intestinal epithelial PepT1, could play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication during colitis

Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) Induces Colitis in Mice by Forming Nano-Lipocomplexes with Medium-Chain-Length Fatty Acids in the Colon

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), primarily ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are inflammatory disorders caused by multiple factors. Research on IBD has often used the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. DSS induces in vivo but not in vitro intestinal inflammation. In addition, no DSS-associated molecule (free glucose, sodium sulfate solution, free dextran) induces in vitro or in vivo intestinal inflammation. We find that DSS but not dextran associated molecules established linkages with medium-chain-length fatty acids (MCFAs), such as dodecanoate, that are present in the colonic lumen. DSS complexed to MCFAs forms nanometer-sized vesicles ∼200 nm in diameter that can fuse with colonocyte membranes. The arrival of nanometer-sized DSS/MCFA vesicles in the cytoplasm may activate intestinal inflammatory signaling pathways. We also show that the inflammatory activity of DSS is mediated by the dextran moieties. The deleterious effect of DSS is localized principally in the distal colon, therefore it will be important to chemically modify DSS to develop materials beneficial to the colon without affecting colon-targeting specificity

Microbiota Modulate Host Gene Expression via MicroRNAs

Microbiota are known to modulate host gene expression, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are importantly implicated in many cellular functions by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression via binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of the target mRNAs. However, a role for miRNAs in microbiota-host interactions remains unknown. Here we investigated if miRNAs are involved in microbiota-mediated regulation of host gene expression. Germ-free mice were colonized with the microbiota from pathogen-free mice. Comparative profiling of miRNA expression using miRNA arrays revealed one and eight miRNAs that were differently expressed in the ileum and the colon, respectively, of colonized mice relative to germ-free mice. A computational approach was then employed to predict genes that were potentially targeted by the dysregulated miRNAs during colonization. Overlapping the miRNA potential targets with the microbiota-induced dysregulated genes detected by a DNA microarray performed in parallel revealed several host genes that were regulated by miRNAs in response to colonization. Among them, Abcc3 was identified as a highly potential miRNA target during colonization. Using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, we demonstrated that mmu-miR-665, which was dysregulated during colonization, down-regulated Abcc3 expression by directly targeting the Abcc3 3′-UTR. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that microbiota modulate host microRNA expression, which could in turn regulate host gene expression

Lovastatin Protects against Experimental Plague in Mice

Background: Plague is an ectoparasite-borne deadly infection caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium classified among the group A bioterrorism agents. Thousands of deaths are reported every year in some African countries. Tetracyclines and cotrimoxazole are used in the secondary prophylaxis of plague in the case of potential exposure to Y. pestis, but cotrimoxazole-resistant isolates have been reported. There is a need for additional prophylactic measures. We aimed to study the effectiveness of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug known to alleviate the symptoms of sepsis, for plague prophylaxis in an experimental model. Methodology: Lovastatin dissolved in Endolipide was intraperitoneally administered to mice (20 mg/kg) every day for 6 days prior to a Y. pestis Orientalis biotype challenge. Non-challenged, lovastatin-treated and challenged, untreated mice were also used as control groups in the study. Body weight, physical behavior and death were recorded both prior to infection and for 10 days post-infection. Samples of the blood, lungs and spleen were collected from dead mice for direct microbiological examination, histopathology and culture. The potential antibiotic effect of lovastatin was tested on blood agar plates. Conclusions/Significance: Lovastatin had no in-vitro antibiotic effect against Y. pestis. The difference in the mortality between control mice (11/15; 73.5%) and lovastatin-treated mice (3/15; 20%) was significant (P,0.004; Mantel-Haensze

Spécificité de Yersina Pestis orientalis biotype dans l'histoire naturelle de peste

Yesinia pestis est l'agent de la peste, maladie infectieuse spontanément mortelle, et une bactérie classée parmi les agents de bioterrorisme de groupe A [http://www.bt.cd.gov/agent/plague]. Les cas sporadiques ont été rapportés dans plusieurs pays d'Asie, d'Afrique, et d'Amérique et la peste reste endémique en Afrique (République Démocratique du Congo; Madagascar) qui déclare le plus grand nombre de cas annuels. La majorité de cas de peste chez les humains et les animaux sauvages se manifeste dans les régions délimitées géographiquement et appelées communément les foyers de la peste. Les mécanismes de la résistance de la peste dans le sol des foyers reste de nos jours un sujet de recherche alors que la peste est maintenant considérée comme une maladie re-émergente. Au cours de notre travail, nous avons développé un outil pour l'identification de Y. pestis par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF MS. Cette méthode s'est avérée très simple et efficace pour l'identification au niveau des espèces, et constitue une méthode de première ligne d'identification. Nous avons ensuite montré que Y. pestis survivait et maintenait sa virulence pendant au moins neuf mois dans le sol stérilisé par la vapeur et humidifié, dépourvu d'éléments nutritifs ajoutés et d'invertébrés du sol. Afin de contribuer à l'étude de l'épidémiologie de la peste, nous avons démontré que seul le biovar Oriantalis est transmis dans un modèle animal par les poux d'homme (Pediculus humanus), les biovars Antiqua et Medievalis de Y. pestis n'étant pas transmissibles par les poux de corps. Le mécanisme impliqué dans la transmission de la peste par les poux de corps reste inconnu, ce qui voudrait dire que le mécanisme de l'adaptation de Y. pestis Orientalis à des nouveaux vecteurs qui sont corrélés aux circonstances de l'épidémie mortelle provoquée par la peste bubonique, reste aussi inconnu. Au cours d'un dernier travail, nous avons étudié des nouveaux composés pour la prophylaxie de la peste. Notamment, nous avons évalué le potentiel du lovastatine dans la prévention de la mortalité pendant la peste. Il a été démontré sur un modèle d'expérimentation avec les souris que la lovastatine réduisait considérablement le taux de mortalité associée à la peste. Toutes les données que nous avons rapportées dans ce rapport de thèse sont destinées à mieux comprendre le cycle épidémiologique de la peste.Yersinia pestis is the agent of deadly plague and a bacterium listed in the group A of potential bioterrorism agents [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/]. Sporadic cases are reported in several countries in Asia, Africa and America. Majority of human plague cases and enzootic animals occur in the geographical areas of so-called plague foci. The mechanisms sustaining geographical foci of plague remain poorly understood and plague been classified as a currently re-emerging disease. As first step, we established new front line tool for Y. pestis identification by using MALDI-TOF MS. This method was demonstrated to be simple and effective for Y. pestis identification at species level. Second step, we demonstrated that Y. pestis survived fully virulent for at least 9 months in a steam sterilized, humidified soil devoid of any nutritional supplements or any soil invertebrates. In third step we successfully demonstrated that the human louse (Pediculus humanus) as vector of plague and the body lice transmission of plague was restricted to Orientalis biovar; Antiqua and Medievalis biovars of Y. pestis were not able to transmit by body lice. This result shows that a un- explained mechanism is involved in the body lice transmission of plague and Y. pestis Orientalis adaptation to newly described vectors which effectively correlates the mass death caused by bubonic plague in Black Death individuals. Finally we conclude our study by exploring new compounds for the plague prophylaxis. The potential role of lovastatin in the prevention of mortality during plague was assessed. Lovastatin could significantly reduce the mortality associated with plague in an experimental mouse model. All These data herein we reported in our study may help to better understanding the epidemiology of plague