Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor

The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a beneficial insect because their high nutrient content makes them a viable food source and because they are capable of degrading polystyrene and plastic waste. These attributes make T. molitor attractive for mass rearing, which may promote disease transmission within the insect colonies. Disease resistance is of paramount importance for both the control and the culture of mealworms, and several biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the success of their anti-parasitic defenses, both positively and negatively. After providing a detailed description of T. molitor’s anti-parasitic defenses, we review the main biotic and abiotic environmental factors that alter their presentation, and we discuss their implications for the purpose of controlling the development and health of this insect

Host gene response to endosymbiont and pathogen in the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae

Background: Insects thriving on nutritionally poor habitats have integrated mutualistic intracellular symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts) in a bacteria-bearing tissue (the bacteriome) that isolates the endosymbionts and protects them against a host systemic immune response. Whilst the metabolic and physiological features of long-term insect associations have been investigated in detail over the past decades, cellular and immune regulations that determine the host response to endosymbionts and pathogens have attracted interest more recently. Results: To investigate bacteriome cellular specificities and weevil immune responses to bacteria, we have constructed and sequenced 7 cDNA libraries from Sitophilus oryzae whole larvae and bacteriomes. Bioinformatic analysis of 26,886 ESTs led to the generation of 8,941 weevil unigenes. Based on in silico analysis and on the examination of genes involved in the cellular pathways of potential interest to intracellular symbiosis (i.e. cell growth and apoptosis, autophagy, immunity), we have selected and analyzed 29 genes using qRT-PCR, taking into consideration bacteriome specificity and symbiosis impact on the host response to pathogens. We show that the bacteriome tissue accumulates transcripts from genes involved in cellular development and survival, such as the apoptotic inhibitors iap2 and iap3, and endosomal fusion an

Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda

Copyright: © 2019 Schneider et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are vectors of parasitic trypanosomes, which cause human (HAT) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff) is the main vector of HAT, where it transmits Gambiense disease in the northwest and Rhodesiense disease in central, southeast and western regions. Endosymbionts can influence transmission efficiency of parasites through their insect vectors via conferring a protective effect against the parasite. It is known that the bacterium Spiroplasma is capable of protecting its Drosophila host from infection with a parasitic nematode. This endosymbiont can also impact its host\u27s population structure via altering host reproductive traits. Here, we used field collections across 26 different Gff sampling sites in northern and western Uganda to investigate the association of Spiroplasma with geographic origin, seasonal conditions, Gff genetic background and sex, and trypanosome infection status. We also investigated the influence of Spiroplasma on Gff vector competence to trypanosome infections under laboratory conditions. Generalized linear models (GLM) showed that Spiroplasma probability was correlated with the geographic origin of Gff host and with the season of collection, with higher prevalence found in flies within the Albert Nile (0.42 vs 0.16) and Achwa River (0.36 vs 0.08) watersheds and with higher prevalence detected in flies collected in the intermediate than wet season. In contrast, there was no significant correlation of Spiroplasma prevalence with Gff host genetic background or sex once geographic origin was accounted for in generalized linear models. Additionally, we found a potential negative correlation of Spiroplasma with trypanosome infection, with only 2% of Spiroplasma infected flies harboring trypanosome co-infections. We also found that in a laboratory line of Gff, parasitic trypanosomes are less likely to colonize the midgut in individuals that harbor Spiroplasma infection. These results indicate that Spiroplasma infections in tsetse may be maintained by not only maternal but also via horizontal transmission routes, and Spiroplasma infections may also have important effects on trypanosome transmission efficiency of the host tsetse. Potential functional effects of Spiroplasma infection in Gff could have impacts on vector control approaches to reduce trypanosome infections

Dynamics of cellular and molecular processes in the symbiosis of the weevil Sitophilus

Depuis leur radiation après le Carbonifère, il y a 325 millions d’années, les insectes ont colonisé la majorité des milieux terrestres. Ce grand pouvoir colonisateur est en partie dû à leur association avec des bactéries symbiotiques intracellulaires, nommés endosymbiotes. Ces derniers complémentent le régime alimentaire de l’insecte et lui permettent de survivre sur des milieux nutritionnellement pauvres ou déséquilibrés. Les endosymbiotes sont transmis maternellement, ce qui assure la pérennité de l’association au cours des générations. Ils sont maintenus dans des cellules spécialisées, les bactériocytes, qui forment à leur tour un organe, le bactériome. L’étude des spécificités moléculaires et cellulaires des bactériocytes est un enjeu majeur dans la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation des endosymbiotes. Toutefois, la caractérisation de ces spécificités reste peu élucidée. Afin d’approcher les spécificités moléculaire, cellulaire et immunitaire du bactériome, ainsi que la réponse immunitaire systémique du charançon dirigée contre un pathogène, nous avons construit et séquencé 7 banques d’ADNc provenant du charançon des céréales : Sitophilus oryzae (Coléoptère, Curculionide). L’analyse in silico des banques, appuyée par une étude transcriptomique, a montré que le bactériome présente une forte expression de gènes impliqués dans la survie et le développement cellulaire, et dans le trafic vésiculaire. Le bactériome présente aussi une réponse immunitaire spécifique et modulée, puisqu’à l’exception d’un peptide antimicrobien, la coléoptéricine-A, les effecteurs de l’immunité ne sont pas (ou peu) exprimés. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que la réponse immunitaire des larves de charançon aux infections bactériennes serait modulée en présence des endosymbiotes. Le deuxième volet de cette thèse s’est focalisé sur le stade adulte du charançon, chez qui les bactéries symbiotiques sont hébergées dans des bactériomes situés à l’apex des caeca mésentériques qui tapissent l’intestin moyen de l’insecte. Cette association est éphémère chez l’adulte qui perd ses endosymbiotes 15 jours après la mue imaginale. Nous avons recherché les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires responsables de cette élimination, ainsi que les causes écophysiologiques et évolutives sous-jacentes. Par des approches histologiques et transcriptomiques, nous avons démontré que l’élimination des symbiotes est la conséquence de l’activation simultanée de l’apoptose et de l’autophagie. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’élimination du symbiote survient après la formation ultime de la cuticule par l’insecte adulte, et que cette élimination symbiotique était corrélée à une diminution des besoins nutritionnels de l’insecte, notamment en acides aminés aromatiques.Résum

A relationist and descriptive approach to stationary time series

With the objective of questioning the foundings of network modeling in complex systems sciences, this article addresses the issue of building discrete topological spaces from continuous data measured on a complex system thanks to sta- tistical inference, then to characterize the obtained space. We first take the example of graphs to underline the sensitivity of graph properties to thresholding. Then we put forward a possible way to cope with that drawback thanks to a multilevel point of view. We extend results to n-ary relations thanks to simplicial complexes, and to statistical independence before characterizing the obtained space with simplicial homology, in a threshold-independent manner