Genetic and functional study of human male infertility in familial case of severe oligozoopermia and asthénozoospermia

L’infertilité est définie par l’OMS comme l’incapacité à concevoir un enfant dans un couple, après au moins douze mois de rapports sexuels réguliers sans protection. Elle concerne 15 % des couples qui désirent avoir un enfant, un facteur masculin est retrouvé dans 50 % des cas. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, les principaux objectifs étaient de déterminer des causes génétiques d’infertilité masculine chez des patients atteints d'oligozoospermie sévère (OS) ou d'asthénozoospermie en lien avec des anomalies morphologiques des flagelles, afin de mieux comprendre la spermatogénèse, d’améliorer la prise en charge des couple infertiles et d'évaluer les risques de transmission à leur descendance. Nous avons abordé ces problématiques par le séquençage d’exome entier d'hommes ayant un de ces phénotypes au sein de deux familles consanguines. L'ensemble des résultats de cette thèse apportent des éléments de réponses sur de nouvelles causes génétiques d’infertilité masculine liée à une anomalie quantitative ou qualitative de la spermatogénèse. De plus, nos résultats concernant EXD1 nous interrogent sur la possibilité de transmission de mutations génétiques ou modifications de marques épigénétiques à la descendance en Assistance Médicale à la Procréation pour certains patients avec une oligozoospermie.Infertility is defined by the WHO as the inability of a couple to conceive a child after twelve months of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It concerns 15% of couples who wish to have a child, and a male factor is found in 50% of cases. In this thesis, the main objectives were to determine genetic causes of male infertility in patients with severe oligozoospermia (SO) or asthenozoospermia related to morphological abnormalities of the flagella, in order to better understand spermatogenesis, improve the care of infertile couples and inform risk evaluation for their offspring. We addressed these objectives by sequencing the whole exome of men with one of these phenotypes within two consanguineous families.The results presented in this thesis reveal new genetic causes of male infertility related to a quantitative or a qualitative abnormality of spermatogenesis. Moreover our findings concerning EXD1 raise questions about the risk that, for some patients with oligozoospermia, medically assisted reproduction could transmit de novo genetic or epigenetic modifications to future generations

LEM-domain proteins are lost during human spermiogenesis but BAF and BAF-L persist

International audienceDuring spermiogenesis the spermatid nucleus is elongated, and dramatically reduced in size with protamines replacing histones to produce a highly compacted chromatin. After fertilisation, this process is reversed in the oocyte to form the male pronucleus. Emerging evidence, including the coordinated loss of the nuclear lamina (NL) and the histones, supports the involvement of the NL in spermatid nuclear remodelling, but how the NL links to the chromatin is not known. In somatic cells, interactions between the NL and the chromatin have been demonstrated: LEM-domain proteins and LBR interact with the NL and respectively, the chromatin proteins BAF and HP1. We therefore sought to characterise the lamina-chromatin interface during spermiogenesis, by investigating the localisation of six LEM-domain proteins, two BAF proteins and LBR, in human spermatids and spermatozoa. Using RT-PCR, IF and western blotting, we show that six of the proteins tested are present in spermatids: LEMD1, LEMD2 ( a short isoform), ANKLE2, LAP2 beta, BAF and BAF-L, and three absent: Emerin, LBR and LEMD3. The full-length LEMD2 isoform, required for nuclear integrity in somatic cells, is absent. In spermatids, no protein localised to the nuclear periphery, but five were nucleoplasmic, receding towards the posterior nuclear pole as spermatids matured. Our study therefore establishes that the lamina-chromatin interface in human spermatids is radically distinct from that defined in somatic cells. In ejaculated spermatozoa, we detected only BAF and BAF-L, suggesting that they might contribute to the shaping of the spermatozoon nucleus and, after fertilisation, its transition to the male pronucleus

Loss of Calmodulin- and Radial-Spoke-Associated Complex Protein CFAP251 Leads to Immotile Spermatozoa Lacking Mitochondria and Infertility in Men

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