The informal Economy as an engine for poverty reduction and development in Egypt

The purpose of this paper is handling the informal sector in Egypt and the role it can play in accelerating the development process and poverty reduction. The structure of the paper starts with an introduction, and then gives a definition of development and its objectives in order to give a comprehensive ground for what will be discussed under the informal sector section and poverty section, as at the end the paper links development, informal sector with poverty reduction. Furthermore, the paper discusses situation of the informal sector in Egypt and the role of government in issuing the laws that may pave the way for creating a more conducive business environment for the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) which constitute the traditional form of informal enterprises. In addition, the paper explains formalization of informal economy, showing the pros and cons of both formal informal sectors, most importantly its shows a trade off between the formality and informality. The paper closes with providing a policy recommendations and finally conclusion.Informal Economy, Formalisation, Economic Development, Poverty

The Religious and Anthropological Perspectives of Development and Poverty

This paper examines the role of both religion and anthropology in development and accordingly reducing poverty. Within this introduction I intend to discuss the reason invited me to handle this problem. This reason is that I see both religion and anthropology can play a crucial role in the development process and accordingly lead to reducing poverty.Anthropology, Religion, Poverty, Development

The Role of USAID in Development in Egypt

This paper discuses the role of USAID in the development process in Egypt. It discusses the USAID role in Egypt in some sectors with more focus on USAID/Egypt economic growth, more specifically the Technical Assistance for policy Reform II (TAPRII). I will discuss the items of the program that made the environment conducive to trade and investment.Policy Reform, Trade, Investment, Development, Economic Growth

The Religious and Anthropological Perspectives of Development and Poverty

This paper examines the role of both religion and anthropology in development and accordingly reducing poverty. Within this introduction I intend to discuss the reason invited me to handle this problem. This reason is that I see both religion and anthropology can play a crucial role in the development process and accordingly lead to reducing poverty

Economic Development, Technological Change and Growth

The purpose of this paper is to track the development process in Egypt since the early sixties. The paper starts with the broad definition of the development and its goals, then it evolves to the stages of development in Egypt since the first five years plan (1960-1965) passing by the open door policy in the 70s , and the hard times of the economy at the 80s and economic reform program at the early 90s until 2004. Furthermore, the paper gives a deep concern to the issue of poverty in Egypt with an emphasis on the impact of the development at different stages on the poor in Egypt. A brief handling of the policies adopted to reduce the burden on the low income strata of the society and why these policies were not so effective. The paper is looking for changing the narrow definition of the poverty which is commonly referred to only as income poverty. Islamic vision of combating poverty is discussed with the emphasis on the fact that Islamic Religion considers work as the basic and sole way to combat poverty. Other Islamic policies are basically targeting the widows, orphans, elderly, and handicapped people. A reference to some examples from the Qur’an and Hadith were given to show to what extent Islam is giving poverty problem the due concern. The role of the informal sector as an avenue that can participate in eradicating poverty and the efforts needed from the government to make it positively involved in the development process and accordingly get rid of the poverty. A policy recommendation is introduced in order to formulate a set of ideas that the student sees them necessary to reach a comprehensive solution to the poverty problem in Egypt

The Role of USAID in Development in Egypt

This paper discuses the role of USAID in the development process in Egypt. It discusses the USAID role in Egypt in some sectors with more focus on USAID/Egypt economic growth, more specifically the Technical Assistance for policy Reform II (TAPRII). I will discuss the items of the program that made the environment conducive to trade and investment

The informal Economy as an engine for poverty reduction and development in Egypt

The purpose of this paper is handling the informal sector in Egypt and the role it can play in accelerating the development process and poverty reduction. The structure of the paper starts with an introduction, and then gives a definition of development and its objectives in order to give a comprehensive ground for what will be discussed under the informal sector section and poverty section, as at the end the paper links development, informal sector with poverty reduction. Furthermore, the paper discusses situation of the informal sector in Egypt and the role of government in issuing the laws that may pave the way for creating a more conducive business environment for the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) which constitute the traditional form of informal enterprises. In addition, the paper explains formalization of informal economy, showing the pros and cons of both formal informal sectors, most importantly its shows a trade off between the formality and informality. The paper closes with providing a policy recommendations and finally conclusion

Economic Development, Technological Change and Growth

The purpose of this paper is to track the development process in Egypt since the early sixties. The paper starts with the broad definition of the development and its goals, then it evolves to the stages of development in Egypt since the first five years plan (1960-1965) passing by the open door policy in the 70s , and the hard times of the economy at the 80s and economic reform program at the early 90s until 2004. Furthermore, the paper gives a deep concern to the issue of poverty in Egypt with an emphasis on the impact of the development at different stages on the poor in Egypt. A brief handling of the policies adopted to reduce the burden on the low income strata of the society and why these policies were not so effective. The paper is looking for changing the narrow definition of the poverty which is commonly referred to only as income poverty. Islamic vision of combating poverty is discussed with the emphasis on the fact that Islamic Religion considers work as the basic and sole way to combat poverty. Other Islamic policies are basically targeting the widows, orphans, elderly, and handicapped people. A reference to some examples from the Qur’an and Hadith were given to show to what extent Islam is giving poverty problem the due concern. The role of the informal sector as an avenue that can participate in eradicating poverty and the efforts needed from the government to make it positively involved in the development process and accordingly get rid of the poverty. A policy recommendation is introduced in order to formulate a set of ideas that the student sees them necessary to reach a comprehensive solution to the poverty problem in Egypt

The informal Economy as an engine for poverty reduction and development in Egypt

The purpose of this paper is handling the informal sector in Egypt and the role it can play in accelerating the development process and poverty reduction. The structure of the paper starts with an introduction, and then gives a definition of development and its objectives in order to give a comprehensive ground for what will be discussed under the informal sector section and poverty section, as at the end the paper links development, informal sector with poverty reduction. Furthermore, the paper discusses situation of the informal sector in Egypt and the role of government in issuing the laws that may pave the way for creating a more conducive business environment for the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) which constitute the traditional form of informal enterprises. In addition, the paper explains formalization of informal economy, showing the pros and cons of both formal informal sectors, most importantly its shows a trade off between the formality and informality. The paper closes with providing a policy recommendations and finally conclusion

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely