Analytical study of ancient (6th-4th cent.BC) mortars from Aiani, ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece.

The study is focused on the microstructural, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of aracheological mortars from Aiani, ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece in the frame of the ongoing archaeological research in this region. The mortars were dated back to archaic, classical and hellenistic times. The qualitative and quantitavive characterization of ancient mortar were perfomed by XRD, XRF, ESEM-EDS, FTIR, DSC/TGA/DTA, EMPA and optical microscopy.Peer Reviewe

Space charge induced losses in the CERN injector complex

Space charge effects in high intensity and high brightness synchrotrons can lead to undesired beam emittance growth, beam halo formation and particle loss. A series of dedicated machine experiments has been performed over the past decade in order to study these effects in the particular regime of long-term beam storage as required for certain applications. This paper gives an overview of the present understanding of the underlying beam dynamics mechanisms, with particular emphasis on space charge induced losses and the experience gained at the CERN injector complex. The focus is on the space charge induced periodic resonance crossing, which has been identified as the main mechanism causing beam degradation for long storage times. Examples of space charge driven and error driven resonances are presented, including possible mitigation strategies. Furthermore, an outlook for possible future directions of studies is presented

Interplay of Space Charge and Intra-Beam Scattering in the LHC ion injector chain

The ion injectors of the CERN accelerator chain, in particular the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), operate in a strong Space Charge (SC) and Intra-Beam Scattering (IBS) regime, which can degrade beam quality. Optimizing the ion beam performance requires thus to study the interplay of these two effects in tracking simulations by incorporating both SC and IBS effects interleaved with lattice non-linearities. In this respect, the kinetic theory approach of treating IBS effects has been deployed. A new, modified approach has been introduced using the formalism of the Bjorken and Mtingwa model and the complete integrals of the second kind for faster numerical evaluation. This IBS kick is implemented in PyORBIT and extensive benchmarking cases against analytical models are shown. Results of combined space charge and intra-beam scattering simulations for the SPS and LEIR are presented and compared with observations from beam measurements

Space charge studies in the PS

In this paper the results of Machine Development (MD)studies conducted at the CERN Proton Sychrotron (PS) arepresented. The main focus was the investigation of newworking points in an effort to characterize and potentiallyimprove the brightness for LHC-type beams in view of theLHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU). Various working points werecompared in terms of losses and emittance evolution. Sincespace charge and the resonances it excites are the main causefor emittance blow-up and losses, tunes close to excitedresonances were carefully studied. Mitigation techniques,such as bunch flattening using a double harmonic RF system,were also tested