The strength of adjustment of paternal care is determined by factors affecting male reproductive success.

<p>The adjustment of paternal care is determined by an interaction between the risk of cuckoldry and the costs of care to future reproductive success. Zr_Adjust was positively related to Zr_Cost when multiple paternity was high ((B) multiple paternity is above the median), but not when multiple paternity was low ((A) multiple paternity less than or equal to the median). Similarly when opportunity costs to males of caring were high ((D) Zr_Cost greater than the median) Zr_Adjust increased with rates of multiple paternity, which was not the case when costs to males were low ((C) Zr_Cost less than the median). Regression lines are presented with 95% CIs. Zr_Cost and multiple paternity were analysed as continuous variables and have only been dichotomized for graphical purposes.</p

Supplementary R code from Sex differences in helping effort reveal the effect of future reproduction on cooperative behaviour in birds

R code used to analyse dat

Meta-analysis of paternity on paternal care across species.

<p>Points indicate mean adjusted effect sizes (Zr_Adjust) for each species with SE bars. The dashed line represents mean adjusted effect size of paternity on paternal care with 95% CI (grey box). Size of circle indicates the number of studies contributing to weighted mean (See <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001520#pbio.1001520.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a>); colour of circle indicates taxonomic group: black, birds; red, mammals; green, insects; blue, fish; white, reptile.</p

Supplementary Tables 1 to 4 from Sex differences in helping effort reveal the effect of future reproduction on cooperative behaviour in birds

Raw data and result

Summary of five meta-analyses.

<p>(A) Overall strength of paternal care adjustment (r_Adjust), (B) effect of methodology on r_Adjust, (C) effect of multiple paternity (<i>r</i>), benefit of paternal care (<i>b:</i> r_Benefit) and costs of paternal care (<i>c</i>: r_Cost) on r_Adjust, (D) overall benefit of paternal care on offspring fitness (r_Benefit), and (E) the costs of care on male future reproductive success (r_Cost).</p>a<p>Species/effect sizes.</p>b<p>CI = 95% CI.</p>c<p><i>p</i>-Value calculated in MCMCglmm = number of simulations greater than 0 corrected for number of MCMC samples. Bold type represents <i>p-</i>values<0.05.</p

Supplementary Figure 2 from Sex differences in helping effort reveal the effect of future reproduction on cooperative behaviour in birds

The evolution of helping behaviour in species that breed cooperatively in family groups is typically attributed to kin selection alone. However, in many species, helpers go on to inherit breeding positions in their natal groups, but the extent to which this contributes to selection for helping is unclear, as the future reproductive success of helpers is often unknown. To quantify the role of future reproduction in the evolution of helping, we compared the helping effort of female and male retained offspring across cooperative birds. The kin selected benefits of helping are equivalent between female and male helpers—they are equally related to the younger siblings they help raise—but the future reproductive benefits of helping differ because of sex differences in the likelihood of breeding in the natal group. We found that the sex which is more likely to breed in its natal group invests more in helping, suggesting that in addition to kin selection, helping in family groups is shaped by future reproduction

Comp assays, lasR, PAO1

Comp assays, lasR, PAO

OD600, RFU, strains A,B,C

OD600, RFU, strains A,B,

W values of strains A,B,C

W values of strains A,B,

OD600 monocultures strain A,B,C

OD600 monocultures strain A,B,