Extended metaphor as one of the types of occasional use of phraseological euphemisms: An experimental study

The article presents the results of an experimental study of extended metaphor - one of the most complicated types of occasional use of English phraseological euphemisms. A short survey of the experimental study of phraseological units by native and foreign linguists is given. It was initiated by American researcher R.G. Gibbs and his colleagues at the University of California in the USA at the end of the 1980s, and continued by the representatives of the Kazan school of linguists. Phraseological euphemisms are characterised by the following typical features: they represent complex language units and combine typical features of both phraseological and euphemistic units. As phraseological units, they are characterised by transference of meaning, inseparability, stability (lexical and grammatical) with the possibility of contextual transformations, figurativeness and a great significance of connotation in the structure of their phraseological meaning. As euphemisms, they represent units of indirect nomination the main aim of which is to alleviate and veil tabooed and socially and morally blamed real designators. The design, hypothesis and the aim of the complex experiment conducted are described in the article. Third-year students of Kazan Federal University - future specialists of English who had already attended the course of specialisation "Fundamentals of English Phraseology" - participated in the experiment as informants. So they were already acquainted with the mechanisms of phraseological unit occasional transformations and approbated the use of them at their seminars applying to the examples taken from the works of fiction of English and American writers. Students were given eight phraseological euphemisms belonging to the phrase-semantic group denoting poverty, hard financial position, and the task of making examples of using extended metaphor was put before them. The main requirements of successful use of extended metaphor by non-native speakers of language were determined on the basis of the data obtained through the experiment. They are as follows: high level of foreign language acquisition (no less than Upper Intermediate), well developed figurative and logical thinking, knowledge of complex mechanism of creating extended metaphor. This mechanism includes simultaneous use of a number of complex cognitive processes: phraseological pun based on the direct meaning of the prototype and the transferred meaning of the phraseological euphemism, the ability to create subimage(s) on the basis of the direct meaning of one or more phraseological unit components, or the whole unit, the subimage(s) being able to develop and intensify the meaning of the whole phraseological euphemism

Complex modifications of phraseological units and the ways of their translation

The article, firstly, presents the typology of modifications of phraseological units (PUs). Secondly, it outlines the main steps that have been taken by linguists to identify adequate ways of translating PU modifications from one language into another. Thirdly, it aims at analyzing functional equivalents of contextually modified PUs taken from the novel of Salman Rushdie Haroun and the Sea of Stories. The modifications under analysis are phraseological pun, extended phraseological metaphor and phraseological saturation of discourse

Discoursal analysis of phraseological of euphemisms: Experimental data in teaching english

© Medwell Journals. 2016.The main aim of our research is to prove that even non-native speakers of English are able to apply two most difficult types of phraseological euphemism modifications, namely, phraseological pun and extended metaphor in the creative way. The study, firstly, presents the typology of Phraseological Unit (PU) modifications in discourse. Secondly, the mechanisms of creating phraseological pun and extended metaphor are discussed. Thirdly, the tenn "phraseological euphemism" is clarified. The experiment carried out with non-native speakers of English in applying phraseological pun and extended metaphor is presented. The requirements of enabling non-native speakers to perceive the image and to underst and its mental representation to have a double vision of the base metaphor and to spread it by creating associative metaphors are pointed out The result of die experiment show students' genuine creativity and prove the fact that it is quite possible to develop phraseological identification and cognitive skills of non-native speakers of english

Onthological essence of Vyacheslav Ivanov's symbolic hermeneutics in the context of Martin Heidegger's philosophy

Vyacheslav Ivanov's works devoted to Goethe's creative activity and interpreted from the point of view of comparative studies allow us to start the research concerning resonance harmony between Ivanov's symbolic interpretation of Goethe's creativity and Heidegger's philosophy. On the one hand, hermeneutic interpretation of some theoretical propositions of Ivanov concerning symbolism in the light of Heidegger's ontological philosophy gives us the opportunity to establish essential comprehension of symbolic images. On the other hand, Heidegger's ontological concept "non- secrecy of being" may be comprehended through the method of symbolic interpretation worked out by Ivanov

Phraseological units with onomatopoeic components in English and German

The article deals with the analysis of motivation/non-motivation of meaning of phraseological units (PUs) with onomatopoeic components in the English and German languages. Such an analysis is conducted for the first time from the point of view of combining two types of motivation of meaning of phraseologisms: by the onomatopoeic component itself, and by the image, or inner form of the whole unit. Three groups of phraseological units are distinguished in the course of the analysis in three languages. The meaning of the first group of such units is motivated both by their onomatopoeic component and their inner form. The meaning of the second group of PUs is non-motivated by both of them. The third group presents phraseological units, the meaning of which is motivated by their image but is non-motivated by their onomatopoeic component

OPTIMAL STRATEGIES REPAIR DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM TYUMEN

The paper presents one of the best options for repair strategies of district heating systems. An assessment of the economic effects of the gasket in polyurethane foam insulation with respect to the laying of the heating system in the mineral wool insulation. The payback period with different as relaying of pipelines of heat networks calculated.В работе представлен один из вариантов оптимальной стратегии ремонта систем централизованного теплоснабжения. Произведена оценка экономического эффекта от прокладки в пенополиуретановой изоляции по отношению к прокладке теплосети в минераловатной изоляции. Рассчитан срок окупаемости при разном качестве прокладки трубопроводов тепловых сетей

Clinical value of definition of an expression of molecule CD68 + cells inflammatory infiltration in biopsy gums at patients with gingivitis and periodontitis at treatment stages

In article changes of a clinical condition of periodontium tissue, degrees of expressiveness inflammatory infiltration in biopsy gums of 53 patients with gingivitis and periodontitis are analyzed. Immunophentyping cells of inflammatory infiltration in biopsy gums of patients, has revealed system cells mononuclear phagocytes (CD68 +) in a slight stages inflammatory changes that is a morphological substratum of possible relapse of an inflammation in periodontium.В статье анализируются изменения клинического состояния тканей пародонта, степени выраженности воспалительного инфильтрата в биоптатах десны 53 больных гингивитом и пародонтитом. Иммунофенотипирование клеток воспалительного инфильтрата в биоптатах десны пациентов, выявило клетки системы мононуклеарных фагоцитов (CD68+) в стадию слабовыраженных воспалительных изменений, что является морфологическим субстратом возможного рецидива воспаления в пародонте

Distribution pattern of TLR-2, TLR-4, CD68, CD45R0, interacting with the antigens parodontopatogens in the cells of mucosal gingival in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis

The article analyzes the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 receptor of epithelial cells, the distribution of CD68 positive cells and CD45R0 positive T lymphocyte inflammatory infiltrate in the compartments of the gums of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of medium severity on the background of the initial course of periodontal treatment. Treatment included pharmacological - machining of teeth, tooth roots, periodontal pockets, teaching oral hygiene using the ruler of 'ASEPTA', eliminating areas for retention of microbial plaque, temporary splinting and prosthetics. An expression is derived clinical benefit. Before treatment was determined by high expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on the surface of epithelial cells of the gums, and in the inflammatory infiltrate detected a large number of cells of the immune synapse of participants (CD45R0-T lymphocytes and CD68 + macrophages). After treatment significantly decreased expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on the surface of epithelial cells of the gums, while in his own plate of mucous membrane gums preserved population CD68 + macrophages, CD45R0 T lymphocytes, indicating the reduction of the barrier function of the epithelium and capable to run the aggravation of inflammation in the case of excessive growth parodontopatogenov in the area of periodontal pockets.В статье проведен анализ характера экспрессии TLR-2 и TLR-4 рецепторов зпителиоцитов, распределения CD68 позитивных клеток и CD45RO позитивных Т лимфоцитов воспалительного инфильтрата в компартментах десны больных хроническим генерализованным пародонтитом средней степени тяжести на фоне начального курса пародонтологического лечения. Лечение включало фармако - механическую обработку зубов, корней зубов, пародонтальных карманов, обучение гигиене полости рта с использованием линейки средств «АСЕПТА». устранения зон ретенции для микробного налета, временное шинирование и протезирование зубов. Получен выраженный клинический эффект. До лечения определялся высокий уровень экспрессии TLR-2 и TLR-4 на поверхности зпителиоцитов десны, а в воспалительном инфильтрате зафиксировано большое количество клеток участников иммунного синапса (С045Р0-Т-лимф0циты и CD68+ макрофаги). После лечения статистически значимо уменьшилась экспрессия TLR-2 и TLR-4 на поверхности эпителиоцитов десны, при этом в собственной пластинке слизистой оболочки десны сохранились популяции CD68+ макрофагов CD45RO Т лимфоцитов, свидетельствующие о снижение барьерной функции эпителия и способные запустить обострение воспаления в случае избыточного роста пародонтопатогенов в зоне пародонтальных карманов

Extended metaphor as one of the types of occasional use of phraseological euphemisms: An experimental study

The article presents the results of an experimental study of extended metaphor - one of the most complicated types of occasional use of English phraseological euphemisms. A short survey of the experimental study of phraseological units by native and foreign linguists is given. It was initiated by American researcher R.G. Gibbs and his colleagues at the University of California in the USA at the end of the 1980s, and continued by the representatives of the Kazan school of linguists. Phraseological euphemisms are characterised by the following typical features: they represent complex language units and combine typical features of both phraseological and euphemistic units. As phraseological units, they are characterised by transference of meaning, inseparability, stability (lexical and grammatical) with the possibility of contextual transformations, figurativeness and a great significance of connotation in the structure of their phraseological meaning. As euphemisms, they represent units of indirect nomination the main aim of which is to alleviate and veil tabooed and socially and morally blamed real designators. The design, hypothesis and the aim of the complex experiment conducted are described in the article. Third-year students of Kazan Federal University - future specialists of English who had already attended the course of specialisation "Fundamentals of English Phraseology" - participated in the experiment as informants. So they were already acquainted with the mechanisms of phraseological unit occasional transformations and approbated the use of them at their seminars applying to the examples taken from the works of fiction of English and American writers. Students were given eight phraseological euphemisms belonging to the phrase-semantic group denoting poverty, hard financial position, and the task of making examples of using extended metaphor was put before them. The main requirements of successful use of extended metaphor by non-native speakers of language were determined on the basis of the data obtained through the experiment. They are as follows: high level of foreign language acquisition (no less than Upper Intermediate), well developed figurative and logical thinking, knowledge of complex mechanism of creating extended metaphor. This mechanism includes simultaneous use of a number of complex cognitive processes: phraseological pun based on the direct meaning of the prototype and the transferred meaning of the phraseological euphemism, the ability to create subimage(s) on the basis of the direct meaning of one or more phraseological unit components, or the whole unit, the subimage(s) being able to develop and intensify the meaning of the whole phraseological euphemism

Onthological essence of Vyacheslav Ivanov's symbolic hermeneutics in the context of Martin Heidegger's philosophy

Vyacheslav Ivanov's works devoted to Goethe's creative activity and interpreted from the point of view of comparative studies allow us to start the research concerning resonance harmony between Ivanov's symbolic interpretation of Goethe's creativity and Heidegger's philosophy. On the one hand, hermeneutic interpretation of some theoretical propositions of Ivanov concerning symbolism in the light of Heidegger's ontological philosophy gives us the opportunity to establish essential comprehension of symbolic images. On the other hand, Heidegger's ontological concept "non- secrecy of being" may be comprehended through the method of symbolic interpretation worked out by Ivanov