Periostin in Allergic Inflammation

ABSTRACTPeriostin, an extracellular matrix protein belonging to the fasciclin family, has been shown to play a critical role in the process of remodeling during tissue/organ development or repair. Periostin functions as a matricellular protein in cell activation by binding to their receptors on cell surface, thereby exerting its biological activities. After we found that periostin is a downstream molecule of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, signature cytokines of type 2 immune responses, we showed that periostin is a component of subepithelial fibrosis in bronchial asthma, the first formal proof that periostin is involved in allergic inflammation. Subsequently, a great deal of evidence has accumulated demonstrating the significance of periostin in allergic inflammation. It is of note that in skin tissues, periostin is critical for amplification and persistence of allergic inflammation by communicating between fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Furthermore, periostin has been applied to development of novel diagnostics or therapeutic agents for allergic diseases. Serum periostin can reflect local production of periostin in inflamed lesions induced by Th2-type immune responses and also can predict the efficacy of Th2 antagonists against bronchial asthma. Blocking the interaction between periostin and its receptor, αv integrin, or down-regulating the periostin expression shows improvement of periostin-induced inflammation in mouse models or in in vitro systems. It is hoped that diagnostics or therapeutic agents targeting periostin will be of practical use in the near future

Single crystal growths and magnetic properties of hexagonal polar semimetals RAuGe (R = Y, Gd-Tm, and Lu)

We study structural and magnetic properties of rare-earth based semimetals RAuGe (R = Y, Gd-Tm, and Lu) using flux-grown single crystals. These compounds belong to the noncentrosymmetric polar space group P63mc. We confirm the systematic structural evolution at room temperature as a function of ionic radius of rare earths to clarify the isopointal crossover between two polar structures: three-dimensional LiGaGe-type and quasi-two-dimensional NdPtSb-type. Magnetism shows a characteristic anisotropy in reasonable agreement with the crystal electric field (CEF) theory; the easy-plane-type anisotropy for R = Tb and Dy turns into the Ising-type anisotropy for R = Er and Tm. We evaluate the CEF parameters based on the Stevens operators to reasonably reproduce the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibilities and specific heat for RAuGe (R = Tb-Tm). The estimated energy scale of the Ising gap (~ 11 meV) in TmAuGe is consistent with an excitation observed in an inelastic neutron scattering experiment. These findings suggest an opportunity for interplay between conduction electrons and nontrivial spin structures in the family of magnetic polar semimetals RAuGe.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl

Crystal-electric-field excitations in a quantum-spin-liquid candidate NaErS2_2

The delafossite family of compounds with a triangular lattice of rare earth ions has been recently proposed as a candidate host for quantum spin liquid (QSL) states. To realize QSLs, the crystal-electric-field (CEF) ground state of the rare earth ions should be composed of a doublet that allows sizable quantum tunneling, but till now the knowledge on CEF states in the delafossite compounds is still limited. Here we employ inelastic neutron scattering (INS) to study the CEF transitions in a powder sample of the delafossite NaErS$_2$, where the large total angular momentum $J = 15/2$ of the Er$^{3+}$ ions and the resulting plethora of CEF transitions enable an accurate fit of the CEF parameters. Our study reveals nearly isotropic spins with large $J_z = \pm 1/2$ components for the Er$^{3+}$ CEF ground states, which might facilitate the development of a QSL state. The scaling of the obtained CEF Hamiltonian to different rare earth ions suggests that sizable $J_z = \pm 1/2$ components are generally present in the CEF ground states, supporting the ternary sulfide delafossites as potential QSL hosts.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, with updated XRD refinement and CEF analysi

Weak antilocalization induced by Se substitution in layered BiCh2_2-based (Ch = S, Se) superconductors LaO1−x_{1-x}Fx_xBiS2−y_{2-y}Sey_y

We report transport properties for layered BiCh2-based (Ch = S, Se) superconductors LaO1-xFxBiS2-ySey (x = 0.2, 0.5, y = 0-1.05) and the observation of weak antilocalization (WAL). Electrical resistivity and Hall coefficients for the Se-poor samples increase with decreasing temperature. The increase becomes less pronounced with increasing Se concentration indicating a loss of insulating behavior. Interestingly, the moderately Se-substituted samples exhibit metallic behavior in the high-temperature region and a weak increase in the resistivity in the low-temperature regions, which indicates the existence of carrier localization. The heavily Se-substituted compounds show metallic behavior in the entire-temperature region. Sign changes of the Hall coefficients are observed for the x = 0.2 samples, which possibly is related to a charge-density wave (CDW). Magnetoresistance measurements indicate that WAL is realized in the heavily Se-substituted systems. The WAL behavior is weakened by the changes in F and Se concentrations. A crossover state of the WAL and WL emerges around the moderately F-doped and Se-free LaO0.8F0.2BiS2. The change of the resistivity behavior by the F and Se substitution clearly correlates to the difference of the magnetoconductance. Moreover, the localization regions of the WAL-WL crossover and weak WAL states are possibly associated with the CDW. We propose that the BiCh2-based system is a good platform for studying relationship between WAL, superconductivity, and electronic ordering because those states are tunable by element substitutions with bulk single crystals

Constitutive overexpression of periostin delays wound healing in mouse skin

Periostin is a matricellular protein involved in development, maintenance and regulation of tissues and organs via by binding to cell surface integrin receptors. Pathologically, periostin plays an important role in the process of wound healing: as a deficiency of the Postn gene delays wound closure and periostin is consistently upregulated in response to injury and skin diseases. However, the functional role of elevated periostin in the process of wound healing has not been tested. In this study, we generated Postn-transgenic mice under the control of the CAG promoter/enhancer to investigate the effects of constitutive overexpression of full length periostin during its pathophysiological roles. Transgenic mice showed significant overexpression of periostin in skin, lung, and heart, but no morphological changes were observed. However, when these transgenic mice were injured, periostin overexpression delayed the closure of excisional wounds. Expression of IL-1β and TNFα, pro-inflammatory cytokines important for wound healing, was significantly decreased in the transgenic mice, prior to delayed healing. Infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, the main sources of IL-1β and TNFα, was also downregulated in the transgenic wound sites. From these data, we conclude that enforced expression of periostin delays wound closure due to reduced infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages followed by downregulation of IL-1β and TNFα expression. This suggests that regulated spatiotemporal expression of periostin is important for efficient wound healing and that constitutive periostin overexpression interrupts the normal process of wound closure

The effectiveness of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) using individual-specific range in predicting pneumonia hospitalization among nursing home residents in Japan: Comparison with National Early Waring Score (NEWS)

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the usefulness between the National Early Warning Score (NEWS), which uses the absolute value range, and the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), which considers individual-specific ranges (evaluated by mean and standard deviation [SD], relative measures), in predicting pneumonia hospitalization among nursing home residents.Methods: The current study was a retrospective, observational study. The subjects were 235 nursing home residents (75 men and 160 women; pneumonia group, n=62; non-pneumonia group, n=173). The mean and SD of each vital sign (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation) of each subject recorded over 28 days was calculated. In the pneumonia group, the points at the date of hospitalization were aggregated to derive the NEWS and MEWS. In the non-pneumonia group, the point at the 35th day from the start of the nursing home stay was aggregated to derive the NEWS and MEWS.Results: The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting pneumonia hospitalization was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72- 0.88) for NEWS and 0.92 (95%CI, 0.87-0.97) for MEWS using individual-specific ranges. The AUC of MEWS using individualspecific ranges was significantly greater than that of NEWS (p<0.0001). When 3 was used as a cutoff value in MEWS, the Youden Index was the best value (0.75). Sensitivity, pecificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.77, 0.97, 0.91, and 0.92, respectively.Conclusion: Our MEWS system using individual-specific ranges showed good performance in predicting hospitalization for pneumonia among nursing home residents

Mental health problems and influencing factors in Japanese women 4 months after delivery

BACKGROUND: Postpartum mental health problems are a major public health issue; however, studies on the mental health status of mothers and its influencing factors between 8 weeks and 1 year postpartum are scarce. Furthermore, it would be necessary to examine the factors influencing mothers\u27 mental health in order to evaluate their physiological adaptations to the nursing environment.METHODS: We examined the mental health status of postpartum women and the factors influencing poor mental health at 4 months after delivery. A cross-sectional study of 584 postpartum women was conducted. Information on mental health status, delivery, and other factors was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Women were asked about their age, height, weight, gestational or marital status, whether they were eating regular meals, appetite, frequency of going out, financial difficulty, stressful life events, and history of depression. The Japanese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to identify potential poor mental health status. Participants with GHQ-12 scores of ?4 were classified as the high GHQ-12 score group (poor mental health status) and participants with GHQ-12 scores of ?3 were classified as the low GHQ-12 score group (good mental health status).RESULTS: Forty-five women (7.7%) were classified as having high GHQ-12 scores. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, not eating meals regularly, and history of depression were significantly associated with poor mental health. Financial difficulty had a borderline association with poor mental health in this model.CONCLUSIONS: These risk factors might help practitioners identify women at high risk of poor mental health after delivery

Spatial-temporal analysis of tuberculosis infections in a rural prefecture in Japan

Background: Japan has remained medium-burden tuberculosis (TB) country for many years. However, a considerable variation was observed in the TB space-time distribution among Japan’s eight regions. This study aimed to investigate the spatial, temporal, and space-time dynamics of TB at the machi-level in Nagasaki prefecture.Methods: Data on the reported TB infections from 2007 to 2018 were collected from the information center for infectious diseases of the Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environment and Public Health. The time series, temporal trends, and spatial patterns of TB at the machi-level were explored using Moran’s I and Kulldorff’s space-time scan statistics.Results: A total of 4,364 TB infections were reported between April 2007 and December 2018 in Nagasaki prefecture. The infections were frequently reported in October, June, and January, and they showed spatial clustering with Moran’s I value ranging from 0.07 to 0.17 (p = 0.001). Ten significant clusters were identified, including one most likely cluster and nine secondary clusters, which were mainly concentrated in the densely inhabited districts of the two biggest cities in Nagasaki prefecture (Nagasaki city and Sasebo city), Shimabara peninsula, and Iki island.Conclusion: This study showed significant and unique spatial-temporal characteristics of TB infections in Nagasaki prefecture. Therefore, such information on the prevailing epidemiological situation of TB infections could help develop strategies that could effectively eliminate TB in Japan

Control of Diabetes Mellitus and Long-Term Prognosis in Stroke Patients: The Shiga Stroke and Heart Attack Registry

BACKGROUND: The relationship between diabetes control status and long-term prognosis after stroke incidence remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes status at admission on long-term survival in patients with first-ever stroke. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the Shiga Stroke and Heart Attack Registry in Japan. Patients were classified according to their diabetes status and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value at hospital admission into the following: (1) free of diabetes (no history of diabetes and HbA1c <6.5%); (2) good control (history of diabetes and HbA1c <7%; free of history and 6.5% ≤HbA1c <7%); and (3) poor control (with or without a history of diabetes and HbA1c ≥7%). Multivariable Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between diabetes status and long-term survival from stroke onset. Additionally, we also evaluated the association between diabetes status and conditional survival, beginning 29 days after stroke onset. RESULTS: A total of 6, 331 first-ever stroke patients were eligible for this study. Among study patients, the mean (±SD) age was 72.85 ± 13.19 years, and the mean (±SD) follow-up year was 2.76 ± 1.66 years; additionally, 42.09% of patients were women. Among patients with all strokes, considering the free-of-diabetes group as the reference group, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for mortality was 1.26 (1.10, 1.44) in the good control group and 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) in the poor control group. Among patients with ischemic stroke, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.24 (1.06, 1.46) in good control group and 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) in poor control group. After excluding patients who died within 28 days, the adjusted hazard ratio for conditional mortality in the poor control group was 1.31 (1.12, 1.54) among all stroke patients and 1.29 (1.08, 1.54) among ischemic stroke patients. No significant associations were observed between diabetic status and long-term mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage patients. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that first-ever stroke patients with diabetes exhibited a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those without diabetes, particularly in the overall stroke and ischemic stroke populations. Additionally, in stroke populations after 28 days of onset, high risk of long-term mortality was stated in stroke patients with poor HbA1c control