Optimization of surface roughness in end milling of titanium alloy TI-6AL-4V under the influence of magnetic field from permanents magnets

This paper presents the effect of cutting parameters on surface roughness in end milling of Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V under the influence of magnetic field from permanent magnets. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a small central composite design was used in developing the relationship between cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut, with surface roughness. In this experiment, three factors and five levels of central composite with 0.16817 alpha value was used as an approach to predict the surface roughness, in end milling of titanium alloy, with reasonable accuracy. The Design-Expert 6.0 software was applied to develop the surface roughness equation for the predictive model. The adequacy of the surface roughness model was validated to 95% by using ANOVA analysis. Finally, desirability function approach was used to determine the optimum possible surface roughness given the capabilities of the end machine

Development of mathematical model for chip serration frequency in turning of stainless steel 304 using RSM

Chatter is defined as the self-excited violent relative dynamic motion between the cutting tool and work piece. Chatter is detrimental to all machining operations. In metal turning operations it leads to inferior surface topography, reduced productivity, and shortened tool life. Avoidance of chatter has mostly been through reliance on heuristics such as: limiting material removal rates (to stay within the dynamic stability boundary) or selecting low spindle speeds and shallow depth of cuts. However, the correct understanding of the mechanism of chatter formation in metal cutting reveals that chip morphology and segmentation play a predominant role in chatter formation during machining. Chatter is found to appear as a resonance phenomenon when the frequency of chip serration is equal to or integer multiple of the prominent natural frequency/frequencies of the system component(s). Hence, it is important to study the chip serration frequency. At lower cutting speeds the chip is often discontinuous, while it becomes serrated as the cutting speed is increased. It has been identified that the chip formation process at higher speeds also has a discrete nature, associated with the periodic shearing process of the chip. In this paper a statistical technique is proposed to predict the frequency of chip serration as a function of cutting parameters for two different tool overhang values in turning of stainless steel AISI 304 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Influence of magnetic field on reduction chatter and of surface roughness in end milling of Titanium Alloy - Ti-6Al-4V

One of the most challenging issues in machining process is understanding the chatter phenomenon. Chatter mechanics is still not fully understood. It is inconsistent in character, making it difficult to analyze and predict. This research work investigates the influence of permanent magnets on chatter suppression in end milling of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) using uncoated WCCo insert. The experiments were designed based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach using DESIGN EXPERT (DOE) software. The experiments were performed under two different conditions: under normal condition and under the application of magnetic fields from two permanent magnets located in opposite direction. Ti-6Al-4V was used as the work material. The resultant average surface roughness was found to be reduced by a maximum of 50% due to magnet application. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the chip morphology. The microphotographs showed the evidence of more stable chip formation under the influence of magnetic fields

Application of permanent magnets for chatter control in end milling of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V

Machining of metals is generally accompanied by a violent relative vibration between work and tool, known as chatter. Chatter is undesirable due to its adverse effects on product quality, operation cost, machining accuracy, tool life, and productivity. This paper presents an innovative approach to chatter control during end milling of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V using ferrite permanent magnets to reduce the unwanted vibrations. A special fixture was fabricated and mounted on a Vertical Machining Center‘s spindle for holding the permanent magnet bars, used in suppressing the vibration amplitudes. DASY Lab 5.6 was used for signal analysis and processing to compare the intensity of chatter under normal and magnet application conditions. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was subsequently used to transform the vibration data to a function of frequency domain. The experiments focused on monitoring the vibration amplitudes and analysis of chip formation process during metal cutting. It was observed that the magnetic fields contributed to reduction of chatter amplitudes. It was apparent that a reduction of chatter amplitude would result in improved surface finish of the work-piece and lead to uniform chip formation

Surface roughness model for high speed end milling of soda lime glass using carbide coated tools with compressed air blowing

Glass materials play a vital role in advancement of science and technology. They have found wide spread application in the industry, in laboratory equipment and in micro-gas turbines. Due to their low fracture toughness they are very difficult to machine, moreover there are the chip depositions on the machined surface which affects surface finish under ductile mode cutting conditions. In this research, high speed end milling of soda lime glass is performed on CNC vertical milling machine to investigate the effects of machining parameters i.e. spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on machined surface roughness. Design of experiments was performed following Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Design Expert Software was used for generating the empirical mathematical model for average surface roughness. The model’s validity was tested to 95% confidence level by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Subsequent experimental results showed that the developed mathematical model could successfully describe the performance indicators, i.e. surface roughness, within the controlled limits of the factors that were considered

Modeling and optimization of surface roughness and vibration amplitude in heat assisted end milling of SKD 11 tool steel using ball nose tool

Tool steel - SKD 11 is frequently used in industries for making dies and molds. This grade is chosen for its toughness, strength, and hardness maintained up to high temperature. However, the same properties make the steel extremely difficult and expensive to machine using conventional approaches. Heat assisted machining has been found wide spread application in recent years to improve machinability of difficult-to-cut materials. This research paper presents the outcome of an investigation on heat assisted end milling of SKD 11 conducted on a vertical machining center using ball nose coated carbide inserts. The Design of Experiments (DoE) was done using the Response Surface Methodology, in order to develop empirical mathematical models of surface roughness and vibration in terms of cutting speed, feed, axial depth of cut, and heating temperature. The models were checked for significance using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). 3-D response surface graphs of the interactions of primary cutting parameters with the responses were plotted. Optimization was then performed by using the desirability function approach. From the graphs and optimized results it was concluded that the primary input parameters could be controlled in order to reduce vibration amplitude and produce semi-finished machined surfaces applying induction heat assisted technique

Optimization of Tool Wear using Coupled RSM-GA Approach in Turning of Stainless Steel AISI 304 with Magnetic Damping of Tool Shank

Tool wear, especially flank wear, is a major concern in the manufacturing industry. Increased tool wear is caused by chatter and leads to increased surface roughness, reduced productivity and higher operating costs. It is more pronounced in the machining of difficult to cut materials such as stainless steel, tool steel, Inconel and hardened Ti alloys. Additionally, unpredictable tool wear can lead to frequent shutdowns of the machining process making it difficult for full automation. Therefore, to increase productivity and to reduce costs associated with increased and unpredictable tool wear, numerous research studies have been carried out. In this research, two permanent ferrite bar magnets of 1500 Gauss strength were used to dampen the vibration of the tool shank in the turning of stainless steel AISI 304 using titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide inserts. Mild steel fixtures were used to place the magnets beside and below the tool shank in the carraige of a Harrison M390 engine lathe. The tool overhang was kept constant at 120 mm. A small central composite design (CCD) approach in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model the tool wear as a response of the three primary cutting parameters: cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. Design Expert software (version 6) was used to generate the 14 experimental runs needed to develop and verify the empirical mathematical model of tool flank wear. The resultant tool flank wear was measured using both optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Finally, an empirical quadratic mathematical model of tool wear was found. This model was then used as the objective function in the optimization of tool wear using genetic algorithms (GA). The optimization results predicted that the minimum tool wear was 0.0427 mm. This prediction was subsequently validated experimentally

Statistical approach to modeling & optimization of surface roughness in high speed end milling of silicon with diamond coated tools

This research demonstrated the use of conventional milling machines with diamond coated tools, high speed attachments, and air blowing mechanisms for ductile mode machining of silicon and subsequently modeling and optimizing the resultant surface roughness. Spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, ranges: 60,000 to 80,000 rpm, 10 to 20 μm, and 5 to 15 mm/min respectively, were considered as the independent machining parameters for the modeling process. Compressed air at 0.35 MPa was also provided to prevent chip deposition on the finished surfaces. The resultant surfaces were analysed using Optical and Scanning Electron (SEM) Microscopes as well as Wyko NT 1100 and SurfTest SV-500 profilometers. The response, surface roughness, was then modeled using a small Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The quadratic relation was found to be most suitable following Fit and Summary and ANOVA analyses. The relation was then optimized using Desirability Function (DF) in Design of Expert (DOE) software. The optimum attainable surface roughness, which was validated using experimental runs, was found to be 0.11 μm which may be considered quite satisfactory

Investigation of the effects of machining parameters and air blowing on surface topography in high speed end milling of silicon

Machining of silicon is an expensive affair because its inherent brittleness leads to subsurface crack generation. Research endeavours have therefore focused on ductile mode machining of silicon to obtain crack free machined surfaces with roughness as low as 0.22 μm or even below, hence eliminating the need for subsequent polishing/grinding operations. However, most of these research works utilized expensive ultraprecision machines and tools. This research aimed at determining the viability of using conventional milling machines with diamond coated tools, high speed attachments, and air blowing mechanisms in order to achieve ductile regime machining of silicon. Spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, ranges: 60,000 to 80,000 rpm, 10 to 20 μm, and 5 to 15 mm/min respectively, were considered as the independent machining parameters. Compressed air at 0.35 MPa was also provided to prevent chip deposition on the finished surfaces. The resultant surfaces were analysed using Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopes. Then, the influence of each machining parameter on surface roughness was investigated. From the analyses it was concluded that all three machining parameters and air blowing had significant influence on the surface topography and integrity of silicon

Surface roughness optimization in end milling of stainless steel AISI 304 with uncoated WC-Co insert under magnetic field

Chatter phenomenon is a major issue as it greatly affects the topography of machined parts. Due to the inconsistent character of chatter, it is extremely difficult to predict resultant surface roughness in a machining process, such as end milling. Also, recent studies have shown that chatter can be suitably damped using magnetic fields. This paper, thus, focuses on a novel approach of minimizing surface roughness in end milling of Mild (Low Carbon) Steel using uncoated WC-Co inserts under magnetic field from permanent magnets. In this experiment, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach using DESIGN EXPERT 6.0 (DOE) software was used to design the experiments. The experiments were performed under two different cutting conditions. The first one was cutting under normal conditions, while the other was cutting under the application of magnetic fields from two permanent magnets positioned on opposite sides of the cutter. Surface roughness was measured using Mitutoyo SURFTEST SV-500 profilometer. The subsequent analysis showed that surface roughness was significantly reduced (by as much as 67.21%) when machining was done under the influence of magnetic field. The experimental results were then used to develop a second order empirical mathematical model equation for surface roughness and validated to 95% confidence level by using ANOVA. Finally, desirability function approach was used to optimize the surface roughness within the limiting values attainable in end milling