15 research outputs found
Circling the Squares : Radical Innovation and Management Control Systems in the Circular Economy
An economic system built upon the sale of tangible goods produced using finite resources is inherently unsustainable. The idea of a Circular Economy (CE) as a viable pathway to sustainability has gained considerable attention from academia, policymakers, and the business community. The CE builds on a new logic in the business environment in which industrial firms operate that requires substantial changes. We face a significant knowledge gap concerning how firms internally manage the implementation and adoption of CE. Filling in this knowledge gap is critical to understanding how to implement CE at large and established firms with a considerable history of a linear logic, which are known to favor incremental improvements to existing business opportunities over radical innovation. This thesis aims to delve into the managerial challenges that large, established industrial firms encounter when implementing CE principles, and how they address these challenges, particularly through managerial controls. Additionally, it aims to provide insights into how management can facilitate radical circular innovation and support the circular transformation of incumbent firms. To accomplish this aim, existing knowledge on barriers to CE has been synthesized through a systematic literature mapping and a systematic literature review. Next, interviews (n=68) at five large and established industrial firms provide empirical insights concerning the implementation and adoption of CE principles. In addition to the four appended papers, this comprehensive summary theorizes about the empirical findings using literature on radical innovation, sensemaking, and managerial controls. Building on the empirical papers, this analysis sheds light on two distinct patterns in how managers frame CE: incremental framing versus radical framing. It is argued that this has considerable consequences concerning with respect to ambitions, operationalization, and the means used to achieve a CE. In addition, the thesis theorizes about the relationship between the management control systems and the prevailing framings of CE. Based on an understanding of this relationship and the tensions and conflicts associated with the different framings, it is argued that managerial controls can act both as barriers to and enablers of CE adoption at incumbent firms. In addition to the practical and theoretical implications of this finding, the thesis pinpoints limitations and assumptions concerning managerial control systems in relation to CE and propose new avenues in light of this. Finally, the analysis is synthesized into an integrative framework that differentiates three different modes of organizational behaviors within the context of CE transitions: optimizing, transforming, and systems building. This framework integrates the theoretical foundations of the thesis, acknowledges the identified issues, and offers actionable implications for researchers and practitioners.Ett ekonomiskt system byggt pĂ„ försĂ€ljning av varor tillverkade av Ă€ndliga resurser Ă€r i grunden ohĂ„llbart. IdĂ©n om en CirkulĂ€r Ekonomi (CE) har vuxit fram som en möjlig vĂ€g framĂ„t och har fĂ„tt betydande uppmĂ€rksamhet frĂ„n akademin, beslutsfattare och nĂ€ringslivet. CE bygger pĂ„ en ny logik i affĂ€rsmiljön dĂ€r industriella företag verkar och krĂ€ver betydande förĂ€ndringar. Det finns dock en betydande kunskapslucka om hur företag hanterar implementering och antagande av CE internt. Denna kunskapslucka Ă€r sĂ€rskilt avgörande att förstĂ„ i stora och etablerade företag med en lĂ„ng historik av en linjĂ€r logik, och som Ă€r kĂ€nda för att gynna inkrementella förbĂ€ttringar av befintliga affĂ€rsmöjligheter framför radikalt nya. Denna avhandling syftar till att fördjupa sig i de ledningsmĂ€ssiga utmaningarna som stora och etablerade industriföretag stĂ„r inför nĂ€r de implementerar CE-principer och hur de hanterar dem, sĂ€rskilt genom kontrollmekanismer. Dessutom syftar den till att ge insikter om hur ledningen kan underlĂ€tta radikal cirkulĂ€r innovation och stödja en cirkulĂ€r omvandling av befintliga företag. För att uppnĂ„ detta mĂ„l har befintlig kunskap om hinder för CE syntetiserats genom en systematisk litteraturkartlĂ€ggning och en systematisk litteraturstudie. DĂ€refter ger intervjuer (n=68) i fem stora och etablerade industriella företag empiriska insikter om implementering och antagande av CE-principer. Förutom de fyra bifogade artiklarna teoretiserar denna kappa kring de empiriska resultaten med hjĂ€lp av litteratur om radikal innovation, meningsskapande och kontrollmekanismer. Med utgĂ„ngspunkt i de empiriska artiklarna sĂ„ visar analysen tvĂ„ olika tolkningar eller âinramningarâ av CE inom företagen: en inkrementell inramning och en radikal inramning. Det argumenteras för att inramningen har betydande konsekvenser nĂ€r det gĂ€ller ambitioner, operationalisering och tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att nĂ„ CE inom företaget. Dessutom teoretiserar avhandlingen om förhĂ„llandet mellan kontrollmekanismer och vilken inramning av CE som blir dominerande inom företaget. Genom att förstĂ„ detta förhĂ„llande och de spĂ€nningar och konflikter som följer olika ramverk, hĂ€vdas det att ledningskontroller kan fungera bĂ„de som hinder och effektiva mekanismer för CE-antagande i befintliga företag. Förutom de praktiska och teoretiska innebörderna pekar avhandlingen pĂ„ begrĂ€nsningar och antaganden kring kontrollmekanismer i relation till en cirkulĂ€r logik, och föreslĂ„r nya forskningsspĂ„r i ljuset av detta. Slutligen syntetiseras analysen till ett integrerat ramverk med tre olika mönster av organisatoriskt beteende i en övergĂ„ng till CE: Optimering, Transformation och Systembyggande. Detta ramverk integrerar de teoretiska grunderna för avhandlingen, pekar pĂ„ de identifierade problemen, och beskriver innebörden för forskning och nĂ€ringsliv
Circling the Squares : Radical Innovation and Management Control Systems in the Circular Economy
An economic system built upon the sale of tangible goods produced using finite resources is inherently unsustainable. The idea of a Circular Economy (CE) as a viable pathway to sustainability has gained considerable attention from academia, policymakers, and the business community. The CE builds on a new logic in the business environment in which industrial firms operate that requires substantial changes. We face a significant knowledge gap concerning how firms internally manage the implementation and adoption of CE. Filling in this knowledge gap is critical to understanding how to implement CE at large and established firms with a considerable history of a linear logic, which are known to favor incremental improvements to existing business opportunities over radical innovation. This thesis aims to delve into the managerial challenges that large, established industrial firms encounter when implementing CE principles, and how they address these challenges, particularly through managerial controls. Additionally, it aims to provide insights into how management can facilitate radical circular innovation and support the circular transformation of incumbent firms. To accomplish this aim, existing knowledge on barriers to CE has been synthesized through a systematic literature mapping and a systematic literature review. Next, interviews (n=68) at five large and established industrial firms provide empirical insights concerning the implementation and adoption of CE principles. In addition to the four appended papers, this comprehensive summary theorizes about the empirical findings using literature on radical innovation, sensemaking, and managerial controls. Building on the empirical papers, this analysis sheds light on two distinct patterns in how managers frame CE: incremental framing versus radical framing. It is argued that this has considerable consequences concerning with respect to ambitions, operationalization, and the means used to achieve a CE. In addition, the thesis theorizes about the relationship between the management control systems and the prevailing framings of CE. Based on an understanding of this relationship and the tensions and conflicts associated with the different framings, it is argued that managerial controls can act both as barriers to and enablers of CE adoption at incumbent firms. In addition to the practical and theoretical implications of this finding, the thesis pinpoints limitations and assumptions concerning managerial control systems in relation to CE and propose new avenues in light of this. Finally, the analysis is synthesized into an integrative framework that differentiates three different modes of organizational behaviors within the context of CE transitions: optimizing, transforming, and systems building. This framework integrates the theoretical foundations of the thesis, acknowledges the identified issues, and offers actionable implications for researchers and practitioners.Ett ekonomiskt system byggt pĂ„ försĂ€ljning av varor tillverkade av Ă€ndliga resurser Ă€r i grunden ohĂ„llbart. IdĂ©n om en CirkulĂ€r Ekonomi (CE) har vuxit fram som en möjlig vĂ€g framĂ„t och har fĂ„tt betydande uppmĂ€rksamhet frĂ„n akademin, beslutsfattare och nĂ€ringslivet. CE bygger pĂ„ en ny logik i affĂ€rsmiljön dĂ€r industriella företag verkar och krĂ€ver betydande förĂ€ndringar. Det finns dock en betydande kunskapslucka om hur företag hanterar implementering och antagande av CE internt. Denna kunskapslucka Ă€r sĂ€rskilt avgörande att förstĂ„ i stora och etablerade företag med en lĂ„ng historik av en linjĂ€r logik, och som Ă€r kĂ€nda för att gynna inkrementella förbĂ€ttringar av befintliga affĂ€rsmöjligheter framför radikalt nya. Denna avhandling syftar till att fördjupa sig i de ledningsmĂ€ssiga utmaningarna som stora och etablerade industriföretag stĂ„r inför nĂ€r de implementerar CE-principer och hur de hanterar dem, sĂ€rskilt genom kontrollmekanismer. Dessutom syftar den till att ge insikter om hur ledningen kan underlĂ€tta radikal cirkulĂ€r innovation och stödja en cirkulĂ€r omvandling av befintliga företag. För att uppnĂ„ detta mĂ„l har befintlig kunskap om hinder för CE syntetiserats genom en systematisk litteraturkartlĂ€ggning och en systematisk litteraturstudie. DĂ€refter ger intervjuer (n=68) i fem stora och etablerade industriella företag empiriska insikter om implementering och antagande av CE-principer. Förutom de fyra bifogade artiklarna teoretiserar denna kappa kring de empiriska resultaten med hjĂ€lp av litteratur om radikal innovation, meningsskapande och kontrollmekanismer. Med utgĂ„ngspunkt i de empiriska artiklarna sĂ„ visar analysen tvĂ„ olika tolkningar eller âinramningarâ av CE inom företagen: en inkrementell inramning och en radikal inramning. Det argumenteras för att inramningen har betydande konsekvenser nĂ€r det gĂ€ller ambitioner, operationalisering och tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att nĂ„ CE inom företaget. Dessutom teoretiserar avhandlingen om förhĂ„llandet mellan kontrollmekanismer och vilken inramning av CE som blir dominerande inom företaget. Genom att förstĂ„ detta förhĂ„llande och de spĂ€nningar och konflikter som följer olika ramverk, hĂ€vdas det att ledningskontroller kan fungera bĂ„de som hinder och effektiva mekanismer för CE-antagande i befintliga företag. Förutom de praktiska och teoretiska innebörderna pekar avhandlingen pĂ„ begrĂ€nsningar och antaganden kring kontrollmekanismer i relation till en cirkulĂ€r logik, och föreslĂ„r nya forskningsspĂ„r i ljuset av detta. Slutligen syntetiseras analysen till ett integrerat ramverk med tre olika mönster av organisatoriskt beteende i en övergĂ„ng till CE: Optimering, Transformation och Systembyggande. Detta ramverk integrerar de teoretiska grunderna för avhandlingen, pekar pĂ„ de identifierade problemen, och beskriver innebörden för forskning och nĂ€ringsliv
TillĂ€mpning av cirkulĂ€r ekonomi pĂ„mobiltelefoner genom Ă„tertillverkning : â En studie pĂ„ produktdesignens roll
Sammanfattning VĂ€rldspopulationen ökar samtidigt som teknisk utveckling och konsumtion driver tillverkande företag till att förbruka mer av planetens begrĂ€nsade resurser. Elektroniskt avfall Ă€r den avfallsström som ökar kraftigast och det primĂ€ra ansvaret att hantera problemet tilldelas idag myndigheter. Myndigheternas allmĂ€nna hanteringsmetoder som Ă„tervinning smĂ€lter bort allt investerat vĂ€rde i produkten förutom det ingĂ„ende materialet. DĂ„ alltfler produkter slĂ€ngs innan produkten Ă€r fullstĂ€ndigt obrukbar eller reparerbar förloras mer vĂ€rde Ă€n vad som Ă„tervinns. Detta utgör behovet av nya strategier och synsĂ€tt, dĂ€r tillverkande företag proaktivt tar mer ansvar för hela produktens livslĂ€ngd. CirkulĂ€r ekonomi syftar pĂ„ det industriella system dĂ€r cirkulĂ€ra kretslopp tillĂ€mpas för produkter och material för att bemöta den icke hĂ„llbara utvecklingen. OmstĂ€llningen för tillverkande företag Ă€r stor, men innebĂ€r ocksĂ„ nya hĂ„llbara affĂ€rsmöjligheter. För att hjĂ€lpa företag att ta första steget mot det cirkulĂ€ra förhĂ„llningssĂ€ttet har projektet ResCoM startats. En av de hanteringsmetoder som ResCoM anser ha oanvĂ€nd potential Ă€r Ă„tertillverkning, dĂ€r en produkt returneras till tillverkaren och anvĂ€nds som rĂ„material för tillverkningen av nĂ€sta. Detta tar vara pĂ„ företagets tidigare investerade resurser i form av energi, arbetskraft och kapital. Denna typ av Ă„tertillverkning tillĂ€mpas redan av företag som Xerox, vars affĂ€rsidĂ© Ă€r att leasa ut kontorsskrivare som returneras och Ă„tertillverkas som en ny produktserie. Det Ă€r dock inte alla produkter som anses lĂ€mpliga för Ă„tertillverkning, bland annat stĂ€lls krav pĂ„ produktdesignen med tanke pĂ„ Ă„tertillverkningsprocessen. Detta har myntat till begreppet DfRem som Ă€r en designmetodik avsett för Ă„tertillverkning. Ett verktyg för DfRem Ă€r RemPro-matrisen som ger en översikt över sambanden mellan produktegenskaper och Ă„tertillverkningssteg. Mobiltelefoner utgör en ökande del av det elektroniska avfallet och slĂ€ngs ofta innan produkten Ă€r obrukbar vilket tyder pĂ„ det starka behovet av att tillĂ€mpa cirkulĂ€r ekonomi. Efter en demontering och analys utifrĂ„n RemPro-matrisen av tvĂ„ befintliga mobiltelefoner konstateras att deras design utgör en svĂ„righet för Ă„tertillverkningsprocessen och nya designriktlinjer behövs, vilket Ă€ven intygades genom diskussioner som hölls under intervjuer. Produktmodularisering, dĂ€r mobiltelefonens funktioner indelas i moduler, har diskuterats som en framtida lösning av organisationen Phonebloks. PĂ„ detta vis förses Ă€ven mobiltelefoner med uppgraderingsmöjligheter för komponenter som genomgĂ„r hög teknologisk utveckling. Modularisering underlĂ€ttar inte bara Ă„tertillverkningen, utan samtliga behandlingsmetoder. Det extremfall som Phonebloks-konceptet Ă€r möjliggör Ă„teranvĂ€ndning, vilket Ă€r mer önskvĂ€rt Ă€n Ă„tertillverkning. Med Ă„tertillverkning i Ă„tanke Ă€r dock inte extremfallet av modularisering nödvĂ€ndigt, utan en mer modulĂ€r design Ă€n den befintliga anses underlĂ€tta bland annat demonteringen och Ă„termonteringen vĂ€sentligt.Abstract The world population is increasing at the same time technical development and consumptionare forcing the manufacturing industry to use more of the planetsâ limited resources.Electronic waste is the most increasing waste stream and the responsibility is delegated togovernment authorities. Approaches used by authorities such as recycling melts away thevalue invested in the product except for the material. Considering an increasing amount ofproducts are thrown away before the product is completely unusable or repairable, more valueis being lost than gained through recycling. This sums up the need for new strategies andapproaches, where manufacturers proactively take more responsibility for the entire lifecycleof the product.A circular economy is the industrial system where a circular loop is applied to products andmaterials in response to the unsustainable development. The full change is immense formanufacturing companies, but it also offers new sustainable business opportunities. To helpcompanies take the first step towards the circular approach, project ResCoM has beenestablished.One of the methods which ResCoM considers to have unused potential is remanufacturing,where a product is returned to the manufacturer and used as raw material in manufacturing asuccessor. This reuses the companyâs previously invested resources such as energy, labor andcapital. This form of remanufacturing is already being used by companies such as Xerox,whose business model is to lease office printers that are returned and remanufactured as a newline of products. Not all products are considered suitable for remanufacturing, theremanufacturing process has certain design needs. This has coined the term DfRem, a designmethodology meant for enabling and increasing remanufacturing efficiency. One of the toolsused for DfRem is the RemPro-matrix that gives the designer an overview of the relationshipbetween product properties and the remanufacturing steps.Mobile phones are an increasing part of the electronic waste stream and are often thrownaway before the phone is unusable which emphasizes the need for applying a circulareconomy to mobile phones. After a disassembling and analysis, based on the RemPro-matrix,of two current mobile phones, it is concluded that their design hinders the remanufacturingprocess and therefore new design methods are needed, a conclusion confirmed throughdiscussions held during interviews. Product modularization, where the functions of the mobilephone are divided into modules, has been discussed as a future solution by the organizationPhonebloks. This enables mobile phones with the possibility of upgrading components thatundergo a rapid technological development. Modularization does not only aidremanufacturing, but all EoL-strategies. The Phonebloks concept, being the extreme case ofmodularity for mobile phones, enables reuse which is considered more preferred thanremanufacturing in a circular economy. However, with solely remanufacturing in mind theextreme case of modularity is not needed, a more modular design than the current is believedto aid disassembly and reassembly substantially
Ăkad organisatorisk förmĂ„ga för explorativt arbete genom interaktion mellan anstĂ€llda och entreprenörer
Large and established firms tend to be greater at exploiting their current business rather than exploring the opportunities of tomorrow. In industries facing changes, such a firm could lose their market place when the surrounding environment shifts. Thus, there is a need for new ways of increasing the exploration capabilities of many large and established firms. This thesis examines a German automotive OEM that is taking measures to become more explorative through collaborations with startups. Generally, startups are characterized as agile, risk-taking, innovative, rapid, and close to the customer. However, they lack the resources, industry knowledge and scale that larger organizations have. Therefore, a collaboration of the two could be fruitful for both parties. The case company (referred to as OEM) is currently developing and evaluating a model, called the Exploration Capability Model, which includes measures for startup collaborations and creation of spinouts, upon which this thesis has itsâ starting point. In parallel with the model, the OEM has recently created a so-called Venture Client unit (referenced as VCU), with the aim to facilitate startup collaborations. This study aims to identify the importance and influence of these collaborations, with regards to the individuals in the OEM. Thus, this study is a response to a gap in the research on how to possibly link the individualâs entrepreneurial characteristics to an organizational exploration capability. We argue that understanding (1) the collaborations between established organizations and startups, (2) the formation of spinouts, (3) the relationship between employees in the large corporation and the entrepreneurs in startups, is of great importance. Based on this, the research question, âHow do entrepreneurial characteristics at an individual level affect organizational ambidexterity in terms of explorative capability?â, was formed. The methodology used in this research was an inductive and qualitative analysis approach, where the data gathering was done with an emphasis on a thoroughly formulated interview guide used in 16 semi-structured interviews. These interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to find patterns and discrepancies connected to the research question. The findings highlight the importance of the individual and their behavior in facilitating startup collaborations and spinout efforts. In addition, further recommendations consider how an established organization such as the OEM can approach these topics with an aim to increase the exploration capability of the company. Emphasizing how the individuals can be nurtured within the company with regards to motivation, change of mindset, organizational support, exposure to entrepreneurial ventures and the organizational view on risk.Stora och etablerade företag tenderar att vara bĂ€ttre pĂ„ att utnyttja sin nuvarande verksamhet snarare Ă€n att utforska morgondagens möjligheter. I industrier som stĂ„r inför förĂ€ndringar, kan ett sĂ„dant företag förlora sin plats pĂ„ marknaden nĂ€r omgivningen Ă€ndras. Det finns sĂ„ledes ett behov av att hitta nya sĂ€tt att öka förmĂ„gan att vara utforskande för mĂ„nga stora och etablerade företag. Detta examensarbete undersöker ett tyskt OEM-företag som försöker att vidta Ă„tgĂ€rder för att bli mer explorativa genom att samarbeta med startups. I allmĂ€nhet karaktĂ€riseras startups som agila, risktagande, innovativa, snabba och kundnĂ€ra. De saknar dock resurser, kunskap om industrin och den förmĂ„ga att skala upp som större organisationer besitter. DĂ€rför kan ett samarbete mellan dessa tvĂ„ vara givande för bĂ„da parterna. Det undersökta företaget (hĂ€r nĂ€mnd som OEM) hĂ„ller just nu pĂ„ att utveckla och utvĂ€rdera en modell som de kallar Exploration Capability Model. Denna innehĂ„ller förberedelser för samarbeten med startups och skapandet av spinouts, vilket Ă€r utgĂ„ngspunkten för detta examensarbete. Parallellt med den modellen, har OEM-företaget nyligen skapat en sĂ„ kallad Venture Client-enhet, som syftar till att underlĂ€tta samarbeten med nystartade företag. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera betydelsen och vilken pĂ„verkan dessa samarbeten har med avseende pĂ„ individerna i företaget. SĂ„ledes försöker denna studie fylla ett gap i dagens forskning genom att hitta en koppling mellan individens entreprenörsegenskaper och organisationens möjlighet att utforska mer. Vi argumenterar att förstĂ„else angĂ„ende (1) samarbetet mellan etablerade organisationer och startups, (2) skapandet av spinout-projekt, (3) relationen mellan anstĂ€llda i det stora företaget och entreprenörer i startups, Ă€r av avgörande betydelse. Baserat pĂ„ detta har följande forskningsfrĂ„ga anvĂ€nts; Hur pĂ„verkar entreprenöriella karaktĂ€rsdrag pĂ„ individnivĂ„ en organisations möjlighet att utforska? Metodiken som anvĂ€nds för analysen i denna forskning Ă€r av induktiv och kvalitativ karaktĂ€r, dĂ€r datainsamlingen gjordes med en intervjuguide som anvĂ€ndes i 16 semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Dessa transkriberades, kodades och analyserades i ett försök att hitta mönster och skiljaktigheter, kopplade till forskningsfrĂ„gan. Resultaten lyfter fram vikten av individen och deras beteende nĂ€r det kommer till samarbeten med startups och spinouts. Rekommendationer gĂ€llande hur en stor organisation som OEM kan bemöta problemet med att utforska mer, Ă€r presenterade. Det understryks hur individerna kan vĂ„rdas inom företaget med avseende pĂ„ motivation, förĂ€ndring av mindset, stöd frĂ„n organisationen, exponering för startups och organisatorisk syn pĂ„ risker
Ăkad organisatorisk förmĂ„ga för explorativt arbete genom interaktion mellan anstĂ€llda och entreprenörer
Large and established firms tend to be greater at exploiting their current business rather than exploring the opportunities of tomorrow. In industries facing changes, such a firm could lose their market place when the surrounding environment shifts. Thus, there is a need for new ways of increasing the exploration capabilities of many large and established firms. This thesis examines a German automotive OEM that is taking measures to become more explorative through collaborations with startups. Generally, startups are characterized as agile, risk-taking, innovative, rapid, and close to the customer. However, they lack the resources, industry knowledge and scale that larger organizations have. Therefore, a collaboration of the two could be fruitful for both parties. The case company (referred to as OEM) is currently developing and evaluating a model, called the Exploration Capability Model, which includes measures for startup collaborations and creation of spinouts, upon which this thesis has itsâ starting point. In parallel with the model, the OEM has recently created a so-called Venture Client unit (referenced as VCU), with the aim to facilitate startup collaborations. This study aims to identify the importance and influence of these collaborations, with regards to the individuals in the OEM. Thus, this study is a response to a gap in the research on how to possibly link the individualâs entrepreneurial characteristics to an organizational exploration capability. We argue that understanding (1) the collaborations between established organizations and startups, (2) the formation of spinouts, (3) the relationship between employees in the large corporation and the entrepreneurs in startups, is of great importance. Based on this, the research question, âHow do entrepreneurial characteristics at an individual level affect organizational ambidexterity in terms of explorative capability?â, was formed. The methodology used in this research was an inductive and qualitative analysis approach, where the data gathering was done with an emphasis on a thoroughly formulated interview guide used in 16 semi-structured interviews. These interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to find patterns and discrepancies connected to the research question. The findings highlight the importance of the individual and their behavior in facilitating startup collaborations and spinout efforts. In addition, further recommendations consider how an established organization such as the OEM can approach these topics with an aim to increase the exploration capability of the company. Emphasizing how the individuals can be nurtured within the company with regards to motivation, change of mindset, organizational support, exposure to entrepreneurial ventures and the organizational view on risk.Stora och etablerade företag tenderar att vara bĂ€ttre pĂ„ att utnyttja sin nuvarande verksamhet snarare Ă€n att utforska morgondagens möjligheter. I industrier som stĂ„r inför förĂ€ndringar, kan ett sĂ„dant företag förlora sin plats pĂ„ marknaden nĂ€r omgivningen Ă€ndras. Det finns sĂ„ledes ett behov av att hitta nya sĂ€tt att öka förmĂ„gan att vara utforskande för mĂ„nga stora och etablerade företag. Detta examensarbete undersöker ett tyskt OEM-företag som försöker att vidta Ă„tgĂ€rder för att bli mer explorativa genom att samarbeta med startups. I allmĂ€nhet karaktĂ€riseras startups som agila, risktagande, innovativa, snabba och kundnĂ€ra. De saknar dock resurser, kunskap om industrin och den förmĂ„ga att skala upp som större organisationer besitter. DĂ€rför kan ett samarbete mellan dessa tvĂ„ vara givande för bĂ„da parterna. Det undersökta företaget (hĂ€r nĂ€mnd som OEM) hĂ„ller just nu pĂ„ att utveckla och utvĂ€rdera en modell som de kallar Exploration Capability Model. Denna innehĂ„ller förberedelser för samarbeten med startups och skapandet av spinouts, vilket Ă€r utgĂ„ngspunkten för detta examensarbete. Parallellt med den modellen, har OEM-företaget nyligen skapat en sĂ„ kallad Venture Client-enhet, som syftar till att underlĂ€tta samarbeten med nystartade företag. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera betydelsen och vilken pĂ„verkan dessa samarbeten har med avseende pĂ„ individerna i företaget. SĂ„ledes försöker denna studie fylla ett gap i dagens forskning genom att hitta en koppling mellan individens entreprenörsegenskaper och organisationens möjlighet att utforska mer. Vi argumenterar att förstĂ„else angĂ„ende (1) samarbetet mellan etablerade organisationer och startups, (2) skapandet av spinout-projekt, (3) relationen mellan anstĂ€llda i det stora företaget och entreprenörer i startups, Ă€r av avgörande betydelse. Baserat pĂ„ detta har följande forskningsfrĂ„ga anvĂ€nts; Hur pĂ„verkar entreprenöriella karaktĂ€rsdrag pĂ„ individnivĂ„ en organisations möjlighet att utforska? Metodiken som anvĂ€nds för analysen i denna forskning Ă€r av induktiv och kvalitativ karaktĂ€r, dĂ€r datainsamlingen gjordes med en intervjuguide som anvĂ€ndes i 16 semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Dessa transkriberades, kodades och analyserades i ett försök att hitta mönster och skiljaktigheter, kopplade till forskningsfrĂ„gan. Resultaten lyfter fram vikten av individen och deras beteende nĂ€r det kommer till samarbeten med startups och spinouts. Rekommendationer gĂ€llande hur en stor organisation som OEM kan bemöta problemet med att utforska mer, Ă€r presenterade. Det understryks hur individerna kan vĂ„rdas inom företaget med avseende pĂ„ motivation, förĂ€ndring av mindset, stöd frĂ„n organisationen, exponering för startups och organisatorisk syn pĂ„ risker
Toward Circular Economy Implementation : A Tool for Integrating Circularity Indicators into Portfolio Management
One of the barriers for companies to implement circular economy (CE) principles is creating a portfolio of CE projects. Circularity indicators can evaluate circularity for managing products in circularity perspective. However, existing circularity indicators are either lacking a holistic facet of CE or too complicated for practical usage, which could be barriers for practitioners to manage a CE project portfolio. The aim of this study is to develop a highly intelligible CE portfolio management tool to visualize circularity calculated by circularity indicators with holistic criteria. The CE portfolio mapping tool was built through semi-structured interviews with a case company, identifying three main requirements for general CE portfolio management tools and revealing four contributions of the developed tool. This study contributes to integrating practitioner view into the research context of circularity indicators and taking first step toward further research in CE portfolio management.QC 20200910</p
The role of radical innovation in circular strategy deployment
Circular economy (CE) is gaining interest among industrial firms in light of sustainability concerns, and several incumbent firms are integrating it into their strategy. In this study, we scrutinize learnings from three large established industrial firms with a clear CE agenda and that are front-runners in CE strategy deployment. We analyze exploitation and exploration approaches to CE and problematize how these approaches relate to radical innovation, which we argue is critical for achieving CE. Semi-structured interviews (nâ=â30) were used to collect data. We found several issues referring to (1) challenges and approaches to normative management, (2) how the innovation ecosystem is engaged, (3) how goals and metrics relate to CE, and (4) resources and coordination regarding the CE initiative. Overall, current exploitative approaches are favored over explorative, mirroring an undesired imbalance between the two. We suggest several ways to counteract this. For example, (1) addressing existing norms so that they align with the ambitions in CE, (2) actively managing collaboration in the innovation ecosystem, including radically new setups of different actors, and (3) that managers need to carefully consider when and how to use goals and measurements in a circular strategy deployment, to foster both radical and incremental innovation.QC 20220523CET: Circular Economy Transition
Toward Circular Economy Implementation : A Tool for Integrating Circularity Indicators into Portfolio Management
One of the barriers for companies to implement circular economy (CE) principles is creating a portfolio of CE projects. Circularity indicators can evaluate circularity for managing products in circularity perspective. However, existing circularity indicators are either lacking a holistic facet of CE or too complicated for practical usage, which could be barriers for practitioners to manage a CE project portfolio. The aim of this study is to develop a highly intelligible CE portfolio management tool to visualize circularity calculated by circularity indicators with holistic criteria. The CE portfolio mapping tool was built through semi-structured interviews with a case company, identifying three main requirements for general CE portfolio management tools and revealing four contributions of the developed tool. This study contributes to integrating practitioner view into the research context of circularity indicators and taking first step toward further research in CE portfolio management.QC 20200910</p
A systematic map for classifying studies on barriers related to circular economy, sharing economy, collaborative consumption, and product-service systems
The linear paradigm of take-make-dispose in production and consumption threatens global sustainability goals. Strategies for looping resources (e.g. as proposed in circular economy) have been discussed as a promising future, but not without a number of challenges or barriers in the transition phase. Consequently, barriers for realizing such strategies is a prominent topic in an increasing number of empirical studies. Following this trend, several of meta studies have compiled the barriers found in the literature, trying to summarize and generalize them; while others have cited or assumed the existence of a specific barrier and proposed a solution to overcome it. However, understanding of what type of barrier related to what type of circular strategy (e.g. reuse, remanufacture, recycle) is limited because scholars of emerging scientific areas use different concepts and language to frame their findings. Moreover, the fact that contextual factors may play an important role concerning the presence or absence of a specific barrier has been overlooked. Without a common framework to organize the findings, isolated knowledge does not cumulate. In this study, we developed a systematic map for classifying studies on barriers related to the emerging fields of circular economy, sharing economy, collaborative consumption and product-service systems. The purpose is to, first, classify and consolidate research knowledge in order to analyze the progress in these four research paradigms, and second, to provide a searchable database for future more rigorous systematic literature reviews. Five hundred and twenty-seven publications published between 2003 and January 2019 available in Scopus were reviewed and classified in a fine level of granularity, including whether barriers are the focus of the publication, how the barriers were identified by the publication (e.g. empirically, assumed, indirectly mentioned), whether the publication discuss or test a solution, the method used (e.g. case study, survey, interviews) and data source (primary, secondary). The systematic map helped to identify relevant contextual factors for one or a set of barriers in single empirical study, such as the circular strategy, geographical context, (i.e. country), level of analysis (e.g. business model, governance, product, user), and sector (e.g. accommodation, clothing, transport, electronics). Further, the map is an open source adaptive framework serving also as a digital database for researchers alike for extracting knowledge and contributing further to its development, through input and collaboration.QC 20200226</p
Toward Circular Economy Implementation : A Tool for Integrating Circularity Indicators into Portfolio Management
One of the barriers for companies to implement circular economy (CE) principles is creating a portfolio of CE projects. Circularity indicators can evaluate circularity for managing products in circularity perspective. However, existing circularity indicators are either lacking a holistic facet of CE or too complicated for practical usage, which could be barriers for practitioners to manage a CE project portfolio. The aim of this study is to develop a highly intelligible CE portfolio management tool to visualize circularity calculated by circularity indicators with holistic criteria. The CE portfolio mapping tool was built through semi-structured interviews with a case company, identifying three main requirements for general CE portfolio management tools and revealing four contributions of the developed tool. This study contributes to integrating practitioner view into the research context of circularity indicators and taking first step toward further research in CE portfolio management.QC 20200910</p