Desempenho de bezerros recebendo silagens de sorgo ou de cana-de-açúcar como únicos alimentos volumosos

Sorghum silage (SS) or sugar cane silage (SC) supplemented with cottonseed meal to adjust the diet’s crude protein concentration to 16%, were fed to black and white Holstein calves, to evaluate their performances concerning feed consumption, weight gains and food conversions. The animals presented 97.7kg +-1.0 kg liveweight at the beginning of the trial, which consisted of a 14 days adaptation period followed by a 70 days experimental period. Sorghum silage presented higher daily weight gains averages than sugar cane silage: 0.601 kg against 0.378 kg (p<0.05), feed conversion (kilograms of dry matter consumption by kilogram of liveweight gain) of 7.760 and 12.830 (p<0.05) and a protein conversion of 1.444 and 2.210 kg of ingested crude protein by kilogram of liveweight gain (p<0.05). Daily dry matter consumptions (4.638 kg and 4.671 kg); and daily protein consumption (0.798 kg and 0.805 kg) respectively for SS and SC, were not statistically different (p>;0.05).Silagens de sorgo granífero (tratamento SS) e de cana-de-açúcar (tratamento SC), suplementadas com farelo de algodão para ajustar o nível protéico das dietas a 16%, foram fornecidas a bezerros da raça Holandesa variedade malhada de preto, para avaliação de seus desempenhos em termos de consumo de alimentos, ganhos de peso e conversões alimentares. Os animais apresentaram média de peso de 97,7 ± 1,0 kg ao início do período de adaptação, de 14 dias, ao qual seguiu-se período experimental de 70 dias. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com silagem de sorgo granífero foi superior ao com cana-de-açúcar (p<0,01) em termos de ganhos diários de peso (0,601 kg contra 0,378 kg), conversão alimentar em quilogramas de matéria seca ingeridas por quilo de ganho de peso (7,760 kg contra 12,830 kg) e em quilogramas de proteína bruta ingeridas por quilo de ganho de peso (1,440 kg contra 2,210 kg). Os consumos diários de matéria seca (4,638 kg e 4,671 kg) e de proteína bruta (0,798 kg e 0,805 kg) para SS e SC, respectivamente, apresentaram semelhança estatística entre tratamentos (p>;0,05)

Sugar cane silage replacing sorghum silage for lactating cows

Doze vacas Holandesas e Schwyz foram utilizadas em um delineamento switch-back para avaliar os tratamentos constituídos das seguintes silagens, corrigidas para um mesmo nível protéico pela adição de proporções diferentes de farelo de algodão, de forma a garantir os nutrientes necessários para a mantença das fêmeas e ainda para a produção dos primeiros 8 quilogramas de leite por animal e por dia, havendo suplementação de mistura concentrada para as quantias de leite secretadas superiores a oito quilogramas: Tratamento A) silagem de sorgo granífero; Tratamento B) 50% de silagem de sorgo granífero e 50% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar; Tratamento C) silagem de cana-de-açúcar. As produções de leite por animal e por dia foram respectivamente 12,9 kg, 12,3 kg e 11,8 kg, sendo o tratamento A, significativamente superior ao C (p<0,05). O consumo de matéria seca total por 100 kg de peso vivo (3,0 kg, 3,0 kg e 2,8 kg), bem como o de nutrientes digestíveis totais (9,2 kg, 8,8 kg e 8,0 kg), respectivamente para os tratamentos A, B e C, não foram estatisticamente diferentes. Doze ovinos da raça Ideal prestaram-se para realizar prova de digestibilidade aparente com os mesmos tratamentos aplicados às vacas em lactação: os valores encontrados para digestibilidade da matéria seca foram 54,4%; 56,8% e 52,0%; para os tratamentos A, B e C, não sendo consideradas as diferenças estatisticamente significativas.Twelve Holstein and Schwyz lactating cows were used in a switch-back trial to evaluate the following silages corrected to a same nitrogen level by addiction of cottonseed meal, to supply the required nutrients for maintenance and production of the eight first kg of milk per cow by day, concentrate meals being used to supplement the milk produced above this level: Treatment A) grain sorghum silage; Treatment B) 50% grain sorghum silage and 50% sugar cane silage; Treatment C) sugar cane silage. Milk production per cow per day was respectively 12.9 kg, 12.3 kg and 11.8 kg and treatment A was superior to C (p<0.05). Total dry matter consumption by 100 kg of body live-weight (3.0kg, 3.0kg and 2.8kg), as the TDN consumptions (9.2kg, 8.8kg and 8.0kg) for treatments A,B and C respectively, presented no statistical differences. Twelve Ideal breed lambs were used to run an apparent digestibility trial with the same treatments applied to the lactating cows: the dry matter digestibility values were 54.4%, 56.8% and 52.0% respectively for A,B and C treatments, with no statistical differences among them

Dairy cattle sustainability using the emergy methodology: Renewability

The adoption of differents management practices is a way to remain in the dairy business. The reduction of the dairy cattle in São Paulo was 35.47% between 1996 and 2008 (LUPA). In São Paulo State the milk production was reduced by 29.7% IBGE (1995 and 2006). In milk production systems the adoption of the rotational grazing and the use of more inputs, causes a great impact on the environment. The objective of this paper is to assess these impacts in farms with the semi-intensive system of milk production. The emergy methodology was used to calculated the renewability of milk production system. The Renewability or degree of sustainability (%R = (R/Y) 100) is the percentage of renewable emergy (R) used by the system and Y is the sum of all the resources used by the system. In long periods of time, only production systems with a high percentage of renewable emergy will prevail to the stress of today's market, while those using a high percentage of non-renewable resources will certainly go into decline. The farm studied is located in the municipality of Guzolândia and yields 650 liters of milk per day with 45 lactating cows, 30 ha of pasture with supplemental feed and silage. The farm is administered with the objective of profit maximization and minimization of environmental impacts, seeking to maintain economically viable activity and preserve the environment. Management decisions are defined with the support of operational control that collects and stores information necessary to manage pastures and animals. The results showed that the renewability mean of six years (2005 at 2011) is 14.83% (Table 1), indicating a high use of non-renewable resources, which places the environment in risk under these productive conditions. The recommendation is to use of natural resources in a best way, reducing market input costs, thus reducing the value of Y, and improving the Renewability of the milk production

Sustentabilidade da Pecuária Leiteira, utilizando a Metodologia Emergética: Renovabilidade

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português

Sustentabilidade da Pecuária Leiteira, utilizando a metodologia Emergética: Razão de Carga Ambiental

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português

Dairy cattle sustainability using the emergy methodology: Environmental loading ratio

The dairy cattle activity in São Paulo State has been depressed in recent years, evidenced by the reduction of 35.47% of dairy herd between 1996 and 2008 (LUPA) and 29.73% in milk production between the census of the IBGE (1995 and 2006). Activity remains in the Agricultural Production Units (UPA) that have adopted more intensive systems of milk production, using animals of high genetic potential, management-intensive rotational grazing or agricultural inputs, and with the objective of profit maximization. In face of environmental pressures, the problem is to know the degree of sustainability of milk production. The objective in this work was to analyze the production of milk from a farm in the municipality of Guzolândia, São Paulo State, during the period 2005/2011, using the emergy methodology to assess the sustainability of system, calculated by Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR). The UPA Alto da Araúna is dedicated to dairy cattle adopting the system of milk production semi-intensive type B; it produces on average 650 liters of milk per day with 45 lactating cows, using 30 ha of pasture with supplemental feed and silage. It has sandy soil, classified as latossol red, yellow, ortho phase, with gently rolling slopes. The UPA is administered with business structure, aiming to profit maximization and minimization of environmental impacts, seeking to maintain economically viable activity and preserving the environment. Currently, administrative decisions have the support of operational control that collects and records information necessary to generate animal and agricultural indexes that evaluate the performance of the UPA, in addition to managerial accounting records that generate cash flow information used to evaluate the economic efficiency of the UPA. The Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR=N+F/R) is obtained by the ratio of natural non-renewable resources (N) plus economic resources (F) by total renewable emergy (R). It is an indicator of the pressure of the system over the environment and it can be considered as a measure of stress in the ecosystem. Values of ELR lower than 2 indicate a low-pressure environment (or systems using large areas of the local environment that "dilute" impacts), between 2 and 10 the systems cause a moderate pressure, and higher than 10 means a pressure systems. The mean 5.9 of ELR (Table 1) demonstrated that the production system is moderately impacting over the environment and require interventions to reduce damage at short and medium term. Examples of these interventions could be: better use of natural resources like organic waste as fertilizer, use of intensified pastures, etc. A long-term damage will be greater if nothing is done

Silagem de cana-de-açúcar em substituição a silagem de sorgo granífero para vacas leiteiras

Doze vacas Holandesas e Schwyz foram utilizadas em um delineamento switch-back para avaliar os tratamentos constituídos das seguintes silagens, corrigidas para um mesmo nível protéico pela adição de proporções diferentes de farelo de algodão, de forma a garantir os nutrientes necessários para a mantença das fêmeas e ainda para a produção dos primeiros 8 quilogramas de leite por animal e por dia, havendo suplementação de mistura concentrada para as quantias de leite secretadas superiores a oito quilogramas: Tratamento A) silagem de sorgo granífero; Tratamento B) 50% de silagem de sorgo granífero e 50% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar; Tratamento C) silagem de cana-de-açúcar. As produções de leite por animal e por dia foram respectivamente 12,9 kg, 12,3 kg e 11,8 kg, sendo o tratamento A, significativamente superior ao C (p<0,05). O consumo de matéria seca total por 100 kg de peso vivo (3,0 kg, 3,0 kg e 2,8 kg), bem como o de nutrientes digestíveis totais (9,2 kg, 8,8 kg e 8,0 kg), respectivamente para os tratamentos A, B e C, não foram estatisticamente diferentes. Doze ovinos da raça Ideal prestaram-se para realizar prova de digestibilidade aparente com os mesmos tratamentos aplicados às vacas em lactação: os valores encontrados para digestibilidade da matéria seca foram 54,4%; 56,8% e 52,0%; para os tratamentos A, B e C, não sendo consideradas as diferenças estatisticamente significativas