Utilização da analise pinch na redução de emissões de poluentes

Orientador: João Alexandre Ferreira da Rocha PereiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuimicaResumo: Este trabalho enfoca a redução de emissões de poluentes através da síntese de redes de equipamentos de transferência de massa utilizando a Análise pinch. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é fazer junto à tarefa de síntese de redes de equipamentos de transferência de massa, uma análise de sua viabilidade econômica. São abordados os casos de redução de emissões de poluentes através da reutilização da água e através da integração de processos. O caminho escolhido, devido à simplicidade na aplicação e pela fácil interação com o usuário, foi a Análise Pinch. Na síntese da rede são definidos inicialmente os seus objetivos com relação ao custo mínimo de unidades e vazão mínima de água ou agentes de transferência de massa, sem que sejam alteradas as quantidades de água ou solventes externos. Após a evolução, com a finalidade de obter resultados mais realísticos, é feito o estudo da viabilidade econômica da rede, onde são analisadas a influência que a rede exerce sobre os equipamentos de transferência de massa e a influência que estes exercem sobre o custo total após a síntese da rede. Como demonstrado em algumas aplicações, se as análises de custo forem realizadas corretamente e se os fatores que afetam o desempenho da rede e dos equipamentos não foram devidamente estudados e analisados, os resultados finais podem levar a uma rede ineficiente ou financeiramente inviável. Os resultados obtidos mostram a consistência da metodologia empregada, refletindo a importância da análise da viabilidade econômica na síntese de redes de equipamentos de transferência de massaAbstract: This work is based on the study of the reduction in the emission of pollutants through a network of mass transfer equipments by using Pinch Analysis. The main objective of this work is to combine both the task of the synthesis of those mass transfer equipments and economical viability when applied to the case of water reuse and mass process integration the Pinch Analyses was chosen due to its simplicity and friendly use. For the networks synthesis the following targets were defined: minimal costs, minimal number of units and minimal water (or external mass transfer agents) flowrates. The next step is to use heuristics rules for the synthesis of the network followed by an optimization through the loop breaking. After the optimization, an economical analysis was done by studying the effects of the network on the mass transfer equipments and the influence of these equipments on the total costs. The results showed that an incorrect economical analysis can turn the network inefficient or not economically viable. In addition, the consistency of the methodology developed in this work and the importance of the economical analysis in the synthesis of mass transfer equipments networks were shownDoutoradoSistemas de Processos Quimicos e InformaticaDoutor em Engenharia Químic

Modelling Chemical Kinetics of Soybean Oil Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Production: An Analysis of Molar Ratio between Alcohol and Soybean Oil Temperature Changes on the Process Conversion Rate

A mathematical model describing chemical kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production has been developed. The model is based on the reverse mechanism of transesterification reactions and describes dynamics concentration changes of triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, biodiesel, and glycerol production. Reaction rate constants were written in the Arrhenius form. An analysis of key process variables such as temperature and molar ratio soybean oil- alcohol using response surface analysis was performed to achieve the maximum soybean conversion rate to biodiesel. The predictive power of the developed model was checked for the very wide range of operational conditions and parameters values by fitting different experimental results for homogeneous catalytic and non-catalytic processes published in the literature. A very good correlation between model simulations and experimental data was observed

Minimização da emissão (de poluentes utilizando a análise <em>pinch</em> em conjunto com técnicas de programação matemática

A Síntese de Redes de Equipamentos de Transferência de Massa visa à redução da emissão de poluentes industriais através da integração de processos. Nesta integração, o processo é otimizado do ponto de vista do consumo de agentes de transferência de massa externo e capital. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma sistemática de cálculo para a síntese de Rede de Equipamentos de Transferência de Massa, utilizando Métodos de Programação Matemática associados a conceitos da Análise Pinch. Os algoritmos desenvolvidos são de fácil utilização e não requerem conhecimento aprofundado do processo por parte do projetista. Um exemplo da literatura foi utilizado para testar a aplicabilidade da metodologia desenvolvida, e os resultados obtidos mostraram-se consistentes com os apresentados, obtendo-se a rede ótima, com a vantagem de apresentar, além desta, um grande número de outras possibilidades de configurações para as redes. Isto é garantido pela utilização das técnicas de programação matemática em conjunto com os conceitos da Análise Pinch. Desta forma, pode-se utilizar a técnica desenvolvida, tanto industrialmente como para fins didático

A comprehensive evaluation of heavy metals removal from battery industry wastewaters by applying bio-residue, mineral and commercial adsorbent materials

We present a feasibility study of different adsorbent materials, namely residual fish scales biosorbent (FS), mineral dolomite (DL) and commercial resin (CR) in the heavy metals removal in multicomponent solution based on the properties of a real effluent from automotive battery recycling industry. Considering the effluent complex characteristics, the materials were assessed aiming to provide not only the heavy metals removal, but also the effluent neutralization and lower sludge generation. For this, all the studied materials were physicochemically and morphologically characterized with the aim of understanding the mechanisms involved in the process. Further, the elemental compositions of the solid and liquid phases generated from each treatment process were assessed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The effluent presented highly acidic characteristics and heavy metals above the legislated limits for discharge (Fe, Zn and Pb). Each adsorbent material followed different mechanisms which led to dissimilar removal and neutralization capacities. The CR showed remarkable heavy metals removal capacity governed by an ion exchange mechanism; conversely, it did not show a neutralization effect. In contrast, FS and DL presented lower removal capacities by complex simultaneous phenomena (ion exchange, precipitation and/or complexation), but a great neutralization potential related to leaching of alkaline constituents. When sludge generation is considered as a key factor, mitigation and enhancement of treated effluent quality could alternatively be addressed by employing the materials in hybrid processes. Hence, the associated use of such materials could be viable yet very challenging for both neutralization and removal of heavy metals from the battery effluent531179767995CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ480107/2013-

Chromium ions phytoaccumulation by three floating aquatic macrophytes from a nutrient medium

In the present work, the trivalent and hexavalent chromium phytoaccumulation by three living free floating aquatic macrophytes Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes, and Eicchornia crassipes was investigated in greenhouse. These plants were grown in hydroponic solutions supplied with non-toxic Cr3+ and Cr6+ chromium concentrations, performing six collections of nutrient media and plants in time from a batch system. The total chromium concentrations into Cr-doped hydroponic media and dry roots and aerial parts were assayed, by using the Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique. The aquatic plant-based chromium removal data were described by using a nonstructural kinetic model, obtaining different bioaccumulation rate, ranging from 0.015 to 0.837 1 mg(-1) d(-1). The Cr3+ removal efficiency was about 90%, 50%, and 90% for the E. crassipes, P. stratiotes, and S. auriculata, respectively; while it was rather different for Cr6+ one, with values about 50%, 70%, and 90% for the E. crassipes, P. stratiotes, and S. auriculata.Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS)The Brazilian Light Synchrotron Laboratory (LNLS)[3364]Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS)The Brazilian Light Synchrotron Laboratory (LNLS)[4652

Root uptake and reduction of hexavalent chromium by aquatic macrophytes as assessed by high-resolution X-ray emission

Aquatic macrophytes Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes were chosen to investigate the Cr(VI) reduced by root-based biosorption in a chromium uptake experiment, using a high-resolution XRF technique. These plants were grown in hydroponics medium supplied with non-toxic Cr concentrations during a 27-day metal uptake experiment. The high-resolution Cr-K beta fluorescence spectra for dried root tissues and Cr reference material (100% Cr, Cr(2)O(3), and CrO(3)) were measured using an XRF spectrometer. For all species of aquatic plant treated with Cr(VI), the energy of the Cr-K beta(2,5) line was shifted around 8 eV below the same spectral line identified for the Cr(VI) reference, but it was also near to the line identified for the Cr(III) reference. Moreover, there was a lack of the strong Cr-K beta"" line assigned to the Cr(VI) reference material within the Cr(VI)-treated plant spectra, suggesting the reduction of Cr(VI) for other less toxic oxidation states of Cr. As all Cr-K beta spectra of root tissue species were compared, the peak energies and lineshape patterns of the Cr-K beta(2,5) line are coincident for the same aquatic plant species, when they were treated with Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Based on the experimental evidence, the Cr(VI) reduction process has happened during metal biosorption by these plants. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Brazilian Research Supporting Council (CNPq)[476724/2007-4]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Brazilian Light Synchrotron Laboratory (LNLS)[XRD1-6510]Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS

Bioenergia: desenvolvimento, pesquisa e inovação

Com 27 trabalhos produzidos por pesquisadores do Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia (Bioen), da Unesp, este livro oferece uma ampla visão sobre as áreas que compõem o segmento. Seu principal objetivo é contribuir para melhorar a compreensão dos vários aspectos da bioenergia, em especial no Brasil, que figura entre os países com maior nível de desenvolvimento tecnológico no setor. Os artigos abordam uma série abrangente de questões relacionadas à bioenergia, como a construção genética das plantas de cana-de-açúcar visando ao aumento de produtividade, a disseminação de sementes para estimular a propagação de espécies com potencial energético, etapas de produção de bioenergia, usos do combustível e seus efeitos nos diversos tipos de motores. Agrupados por assunto, os textos estão distribuídos em cinco partes: Biomassa para bioenergia; Produção de biocombustíveis; Utilização de bioenergia; Biorrefinaria, alcoolquímica e oleoquímica e Sustentabilidade dos biocombustíveis