THE POWER’S MECHANISM OF A MONOPOLY IN A MARKET ECONOMY Antoniu Predescu, Spiru Haret University Iuliana Predescu, Romanian- American University Bucharesti Stela Aurelia Toader, Romanian- American University Bucharest Mihai Aristotel Ungureanu , Romanian- American University Bucharest

Monopolies make their presence felt in a market economy, not necessarilythrough 100% ownership control of a market, nor less, because there is a law thatsanction its existence; in most cases, the existence of a monopoly and hence its corollary,i.e. monopoly power, has as the primary cause the presence of market imperfections, thatis if those are present on the long term, become state of fact. Thus, in our approach, weconsider that to bet appropriate to release the mechanism of a monopoly, based on amathematical tool, which begins from the immutable economic concepts of monopoly.monopoly, monopolist, elasticity, demand

THE FIGHT AGAINST FRAUD AND TAX EVASION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE PROTECTION OF COMMUNITY FINANCIAL INTERESTS IN ROMANIA

The European Union budget is financed by taxes paid by European taxpayers andserves for the development of projects of common interest. The European Community and itsMember States attach great importance to its protection, both in terms of proper collection of taxesand duties and also in terms of proper use of appropriations. This is one of the priorities of theinstitutions involved, as an obligation imposed by the Treaty establishing the EuropeanCommunity. The protection of European Union financial interests involve the detection, controland effective monitorising of fraud and any other illegal acts which result form the misuse of EUfunds and thus prejudicing the Community budget. Cooperation between national authorities andbetween them and EU institutions is a prerequisite for successful fight against fraud. In Romania,national coordinator of the fight against fraud, with responsibilities in control line use ofcommunity funds is European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF).OLAF, DLAF, European funds, fraud

RISK DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION VS. THE ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES OF FINANCING THE COMPLEX RESOURCES-ECONOMY-ENVIRONMENT NETWORK WORKING IN AN INTEGRATIVE-REGENERATIVE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

The problem of financing the complex resources-economy-environment network working in an integrative-regenerative industrial economy is a derivation of the fact either the above-mentioned network intents to minimize the costs of the aftermath of pollution, or to capitalize on new and ‘green’ technologies, it is clear from the start a pollutant, or, to put it into perspective, the resources-economy-environment network will inevitably face (extremely) large costs; once it is assumed such companies must ‘clean’ the environment which they polluted after their (economic) activities are done, they must bear, in any event, important costs, whose quantification cannot be sorted out without the use of a mathematical apparatus, analyzing both economics and human society; this apparatus cannot reject the qualities of NPV (Net Present Value), IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and, last but not least, ROE (Return on Equity) and MSC (Marginal Social Cost) indexes.company, network, integrative, pollution, interest rate, risk

CHOOSING BETWEEN DIRECT TAXATION OR INDIRECT TAXATION AS PRIME FISCAL TOOL WITHIN ROMANIA’S ECONOMY OF TODAY

This paper focuses on a central issue of fiscal policy applied anywhere in the world of market economies: the problem to determine which type of taxation, direct taxation or indirect taxation, is better suited to assure maximum efficiency for fiscal policy applied in Romania. Mathematics proves to be a very useful tool in this case too, given it is applied through a sound economic and logical reasoning, with important results. In other words, it is applied in order for this paper not only to state which type of taxation must be used preponderantly in Romania, especially today, in times of continuous economic and financial crisis, but, especially, to compute how to use it, in long term, not in the least to alleviate effects of economic crisis, and, why not, curb economic crisis itself

THE LINK BETWEEN FISCAL PRESSURE AND DEVELOPMENT PREMISES FOR ROMANIAN COMPANIES

Romanian companies bore, during 2005 and 2011, the brunt of a fiscal policy, respectively a fiscalpressure whose final effects proved to be harmful to Romania’s real economy, and, chiefly, to itsdevelopment perspectives – particularly, of long term and coherent economic growth.The results of planning and management with which Romanian state was worked up, quantifiableas far as their materialization in real economy, form a signal, respectively the component of a sound caseof signaling the need to assimilate this lesson of the ever-present economic crisis: fiscal policy can be, andmust be, used inclusively in a prospective mode.Certain is just, even if quantified values of an index or other may, apparently, deny solidity of thispicture (and assertion), the capability of Romanian fiscal system (possibly in the future, too) to work in auseful manner especially in the long term, if it will determine precisely its future (expected) revenues, in theframework of a coherent long term fiscal policy.On the other hand, it is equally fundamental for fiscal policy to make it crystal clear for everyonehow much will be collected from the companies, when this will happen, and, respectively, what they willmake still good use of, and, first and foremost, that companies must be able, after taxation, to employ atleast some of their (gross) revenue

Silver Economy in EU – Long-term Perspectives of Labour Force Structure

This paper is focused on circumscribing in what manner labour force structure, as distinct economic factor, will influence, in next decades, process of building up a silver economy in EU. For this, we use statistical data, put to use so as to generate a proper prognosis of future increase in size of ageing population in EU, relative to size of total population. This task is accomplished using the strategy of comparing positions of different countries in European Union, the more economically developed Western EU economies and the less developed Eastern EU economies, so that to be able to argue whether European Union has its (certain) opportunities – and, of course, its drawbacks – for constructing its ‘silver economy’, and, the scope of these opportunities (which necessarily counterbalance drawbacks).

Tax Efficiency vs. Tax Equity – Points of View regarding Tax Optimum

Objectives. Starting from the idea that tax equity requirements, administration costs and the tendency towards tax evasion determine the design of tax systems, it is important to identify a satisfactory efficiency/equity deal in order to build a tax system as close to optimum requirements as possible. Prior Work Previous studies proved that an optimum tax system is that through which it will be collected a level of tax revenues which will satisfy budgetary demands, while losing only a minimum ‘amount’ of welfare. In what degree the Romanian tax system meets these requirements? Approach We envisage analyzing the possibilities of improving Romanian tax system as to come nearest to optimum requirements. Results We can conclude fiscal system can uphold important improvements in what assuring tax equity is concerned, resulting in raising the degree of free conformation in the field of tax payment and, implicitly, the degree of tax efficiency. Implications Knowing to what extent it can be acted upon in the direction of finding that satisfactory efficiency/equity deal may allow oneself to identify the blueprint of a tax system in which the loss of welfare is kept down to minimum. Value For the Romanian institutions empowered to impose taxes, the knowledge of the possibilities of making the tax system more efficient can be important while aiming at reducing the level of evasion phenomenon

DECREASING INDIRECT FISCAL PRESSURE – ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR COMPETITIVENESS ENHANCING OF ROMANIA’S TOURISM SECTOR

Present condition of Romanian economy is (still!) bad enough, given the yet existent (aftereffects of) world economic and financial crisis, so that this economy badly needs bolstering up in any manner whatsoever; considering this perspective, and Romania’s tourism potential, Romania’s tourism sector can become a hub of/for economic recovery. But, in order to do this, Romania’s policymakers need not lose from sight Romania’s long term objectives, whilst trying to attain (just) the short term ones. For the latter’ achievement fiscal policy is a main tool, but if this tool is used in extremis tourism sector will definitely suffer. On the other hand, it is also true fiscal policy, if used wisely, is more than able to be an essential tool with which one can enhance competitiveness of Romania’s tourism sector

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS ON WOOD MARKETS (CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION AND TRADE)

Global economic crisis represents one of the causes why wood consumption is increasing especially in countries less developed. In countries where governments couldn’t improve the quality of life and unemployment rate is higher, local communities devastate a lot of forestry. In last thirty years we saw a deforestation process at the global level related to land being converted to other uses: agriculture and urbanization, which represent a positive trend of a negative use. The statistics reveal, on one hand, an increasing demand for paper, paper products, wood products and wood energy. So this point is important to analyze: where wood came from and where it is going as either raw material or processed goods? For undeveloped countries, like Romania, it is easy to export primary wood product without evaluating the consequences. On the other hand, developed countries like Sweden export value added products which brig them higher value and profits and require greater manufacturing and marketing skills (case IKEA). For this, government policy could introduce trade barriers to decrease log consumption (like export taxes) and simultaneously support furniture production and trade (e.g. export)