Acid-Functionalized SBA-15-Type Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas and Their Use in the Continuous Production of 5‑Hydroxymethylfurfural

The activity, selectivity, and stability of several supported acid catalysts were evaluated in tubular reactors designed to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) continuously from fructose dissolved in a single-phase solution of THF and H₂O (4:1 w/w). The reactors, packed with the solid catalysts, were operated at 403 K for extended periods, up to 190 h. The behaviors of three propylsulfonic acid-functionalized, ordered porous silicas (one inorganic SBA-15-type silica, and two ethane-bridged SBA-15-type organosilicas) were compared with that of a propylsulfonic acid-modified, nonordered, porous silica. The HMF selectivity of the catalysts with ordered pore structures ranged from 60 to 75%, whereas the selectivity of the nonordered catalyst under the same reaction conditions peaked at 20%. The latter was also the least stable, deactivating with a first-order rate constant of 0.152 h^–1. The organosilicas are more hydrothermally stable and maintained a steady catalytic activity longer than the inorganic SBA-15-type silica. The organosilica with an intermediate framework ethane content of 45 mol % was more stable, with a first-order deactivation rate constant of only 0.012 h^–1, than the organosilica containing 90 mol % ethane linkers in the framework. The catalysts were recovered and characterized after use by ¹³C and ²⁹Si solid-state NMR, elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction, and SEM/TEM. Deactivation under flow conditions is caused primarily by hydrolytic cleavage of acid sites, which can be (to some) extent recaptured by the free surface hydroxyl groups of the silica surface

Amine Catalyzed Atomic Layer Deposition of (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane for the Production of Heterogeneous Sulfonic Acid Catalysts

The production of heterogeneous sulfonic acid catalysts was carried out using an amine-catalyzed atomic layer deposition process utilizing 3-(mercaptopropyl)­trimethoxysilane. The amine catalyst was employed to allow for low temperature deposition, since mercaptopropyl moieties undergo pyrolysis at ∼200 °C. The highest loading achieved using alternating MPTMS and water pulses, with piperidine as the catalyst, was found to be comparable to loadings achieved by means of other classical synthesis techniques. The growth per cycle varied dramatically at different stages of the deposition, contrasting significantly from other known atomic layer deposition processes. Depositions using known amine catalysts, NH₃ and pyridine, were compared to piperidine. NH₃ was found to yield loadings comparable to piperidine only when higher NH₃ partial pressures were used, while pyridine performed similarly to piperidine at the same partial pressures, but with a slower surface reaction rate. Depositions were monitored using a residual gas analyzer with the surface reaction directly measurable at low partial pressures of amine. Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, ²⁹Si, and ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy showed significant structural differences between the atomic layer-deposited and grafted materials. Mercaptopropyl groups attached to silica particles were oxidized to produce a sulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous material. This catalyst was tested in the conversion of fructose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)­furfural, giving a higher turnover frequency than a commercial catalyst