Acid-Functionalized SBA-15-Type
Periodic Mesoporous
Organosilicas and Their Use in the Continuous Production of 5‑Hydroxymethylfurfural
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Abstract
The activity, selectivity, and stability of several supported
acid
catalysts were evaluated in tubular reactors designed to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
(HMF) continuously from fructose dissolved in a single-phase solution
of THF and H<sub>2</sub>O (4:1 w/w). The reactors, packed with the
solid catalysts, were operated at 403 K for extended periods, up to
190 h. The behaviors of three propylsulfonic acid-functionalized,
ordered porous silicas (one inorganic SBA-15-type silica, and two
ethane-bridged SBA-15-type organosilicas) were compared with that
of a propylsulfonic acid-modified, nonordered, porous silica. The
HMF selectivity of the catalysts with ordered pore structures ranged
from 60 to 75%, whereas the selectivity of the nonordered catalyst
under the same reaction conditions peaked at 20%. The latter was also
the least stable, deactivating with a first-order rate constant of
0.152 h<sup>–1</sup>. The organosilicas are more hydrothermally
stable and maintained a steady catalytic activity longer than the
inorganic SBA-15-type silica. The organosilica with an
intermediate framework ethane content of 45 mol % was more stable,
with a first-order deactivation rate constant of only 0.012 h<sup>–1</sup>, than the organosilica containing 90 mol % ethane
linkers in the framework. The catalysts were recovered and characterized
after use by <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>29</sup>Si solid-state NMR, elemental
analysis, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction, and SEM/TEM.
Deactivation under flow conditions is caused primarily by hydrolytic
cleavage of acid sites, which can be (to some) extent recaptured by
the free surface hydroxyl groups of the silica surface