6 research outputs found

    Altersbedingte VerÀnderungen bei Kalziumsignalen und der zytotoxischen Funktion muriner CD8+ T-Zellen

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    Die mittlere Lebenserwartung ist in entwickelten LĂ€ndern in den letzten Jahrzenten stetig angestiegen. Altersbedingte VerĂ€nderungen der FunktionalitĂ€t von Komponenten der angeborenen und der adaptiven Immunantwort stellen in einer Ă€lter werdenden Gesellschaft ein zunehmendes Problem dar. Die im Zuge dieser Immunoseneszenz reduzierte Effizienz von CD8+ T-Zellen könnte problematisch im Zusammenhang mit der Zunahme an Krebsinzidenzen durch entartete Zellen sein. DarĂŒber hinaus nimmt die Wirkung gegenĂŒber neuen Keimen, wie beispielsweise dem jĂ€hrlich mutierenden Influenzavirus, ab. Auch bei der gesteigerten MortalitĂ€t der Ă€lteren Bevölkerung durch das schwere akute Atemwegssyndrom Coronavirus 2 (engl. ‚severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2‘, SARS-CoV-2), welches 2019/2020 eine weltweite Pandemie ausgelöst hat, werden unter anderem altersbedingte BeeintrĂ€chtigungen der CD8+ T-ZellfunktionalitĂ€t als Ursache diskutiert. Kalzium (Ca2+) ist als essenzieller sekundĂ€rer Botenstoff wichtig fĂŒr die FunktionalitĂ€t von T-Zellen. Neben Proliferation, Differenzierung und Apoptose wird durch Ca2+ auch die Sekretion lytischer Granula, ein Hauptmechanismus der ZytotoxizitĂ€t von CD8+ T-Zellen, gesteuert. Der Einstrom von Ca2+ ĂŒber die Plasmamembran erfolgt in CD8+ T-Zellen hauptsĂ€chlich durch Stromal Interaction Molecule-(STIM)-aktivierte Orai-KanĂ€le. STIMs sind Ca2+-Sensorproteine in der Membran des endoplasmatischen Retikulums (ER), die durch eine Reduktion der Ca2+-Konzentration ([Ca2+]) im ER aktiviert werden, woraufhin sie oligomerisieren und sich Richtung Plasmamembran orientieren. Dort aktivieren und öffnen sie Orai-KanĂ€le, die als Ca2+-freisetzungsaktivierte Ca2+-KanĂ€le (engl. ‚Ca2+-release activated Ca2+-channel‘, CRAC-Kanal) fungieren. Durch die geöffneten Orai-KanĂ€le erfolgt der Ca2+-freisetzungsaktivierte Ca2+-Strom (ICRAC). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde als Erstes der Effekt des Alterns auf den Ca2+-Einstrom durch STIM-aktivierte Orai-KanĂ€le untersucht. Dazu wurden die KanĂ€le mittels Fura2-AMbasierten Ca2+-Imaging- und Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp-Experimenten analysiert. Die Expressionslevels der relevanten Proteine wurden mit quantitativer Real-Time Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (qRT-PCRs) und Western Blot bestimmt. Alle Experimente wurden mit unstimulierten und stimulierten CD8+ T-Zellen sowie gesorteten CD8+ T-Zellsubtypen junger und alter MĂ€use durchgefĂŒhrt. Die Hauptfunktion CD8+ T-Zellen ist die Abtötung virusinfizierter oder entarteter körpereigener Zellen. Der Einfluss des Alterns auf diese Funktion wird kontrovers diskutiert und ist je nach Versuchsaufbau verschieden. Gerade in Hinsicht auf kinetische Unterschiede mangelt es an Daten. Daher wurde im zweiten Teil der Arbeit die Effizienz der ZytotoxizitĂ€t zwischen CD8+ T-Zellen junger und alter MĂ€use mittels eines kinetischen EchtzeitzytotoxizitĂ€tsassays verglichen. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss verschiedener externer [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]ext) auf diesen Prozess untersucht und altersbedingte VerĂ€nderungen relevanter Proteine mittels qRT-PCRs und Western Blots quantifiziert. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass Reduktionen der Expressionslevels der STIMs und Orais sowie Steigerungen der Plasmamembran Ca2+ ATPase-(PMCA)-4-Expression bei CD8+ T-Zellen alter MĂ€use die in dieser Arbeit aufgezeigten altersbedingten Ca2+-Signalreduktionen erklĂ€ren können. Weiterhin konnte in ZytotoxizitĂ€tsassays eine altersbedingte Steigerung der ZytotoxizitĂ€tskinetik festgestellt werden, die aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach auf Expressionssteigerungen von Fas-Ligand, Perforin und Granzymen zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren ist. Aus den ZytotoxizitĂ€tsassays mit verschiedenen [Ca2+]ext geht hervor, dass eine gesteigerte oder verminderte Abundanz von Ca2+ in der extrazellulĂ€ren FlĂŒssigkeit die ZytotoxizitĂ€t der CD8+ T-Zellen alter MĂ€use weniger beeintrĂ€chtigt als die der CD8+ T-Zellen der jungen MĂ€use. ErgĂ€nzend wurde erstmals die mindestnötige [Ca2+]ext fĂŒr eine effiziente zytotoxische Funktion muriner CD8+ T-Zellen bestimmt, die bei etwa 74 ÎŒM liegt. Höchstwahrscheinlich ist der in der Arbeit beschriebene altersbedingte Unterschied in der Subtypenverteilung der CD8+ T-Zellen weder als weitere Ursache fĂŒr die Reduktionen der Ca2+-Signale noch die gesteigerten Kinetik der zytotoxischen Funktion anzusehen. Diese Arbeit liefert eine potenzielle ErklĂ€rung fĂŒr altersbedingt auftretende Ca2+-Signalreduktionen in murinen CD8+ T-Zellen. Weiterhin konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass murine CD8+ T-Zellen im Alter ĂŒber eine gesteigerte ZytotoxizitĂ€tskinetik verfĂŒgen und eine wahrscheinliche Ursache dieses Effekts aufgedeckt werden. Aufbauend auf diese Arbeit lassen sich weitere Parameter der Ca2+-Homöostase und der zytotoxischen Funktion muriner CD8+ T-Zellen auf altersbedingte Unterschiede und deren HintergrĂŒnde untersuchen oder eine Übertragung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf humane CD8+ T-Zellen anstreben.The mean life expectancy in developed countries experienced a steady rise throughout the last decades. Age-related functional changes of components of the innate and the adaptive immune response represent a problem with increasing urgency in an aging society. The decrease in the efficiency of CD8+ T cells in the course of immunosenescence could be problematic, considering in the increase in incidences of cancer, resulting from degenerated cells. Furthermore, the protection against new pathogens, like the annually mutating influenza virus decreases. The increased mortality in the elderly population due to infections with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which led to a global pandemic in 2019/2020, is most probably also a result of the age-related impairment of CD8+ T cell functions. Calcium (Ca2+), as an essential secondary messenger, is important for the functionality of T cells. Besides its involvement in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, a rise of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is necessary for lytic granule exocytosis as one of the main mechanisms of CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The influx of Ca2+ in CD8+ T cells is facilitated mainly by stromal interaction molecule-(STIM)-activated Orai-channels. STIMs are Ca2+ sensor proteins in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which are activated by a reduction of the Ca2+ concentration in the ER. This leads to an oligomerization and an orientation in the direction of the plasma membrane. There, they activate and open Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, the Orai channels, which facilitate the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current (ICRAC). In the first part of this work the effect of aging on the Ca2+ influx through STIM-activated Orai channels was investigated. For this purpose, the channels were analyzed by fura2-AM-based Ca2+ imaging and whole-cell patch clamp experiments. Furthermore, the expression levels of relevant proteins were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCRs) and western blot. All experiments were carried out with non-stimulated and stimulated CD8+ T cells as well as sorted CD8+ T cell subtypes of adult and elderly mice. The main function of CD8+ T cells is the killing of virus infected or malignant cells. The impact of aging on this function is discussed controversially and differs depending on the experimental design. Especially in terms of kinetic differences there is a lack of data. Therefore, in the second part of this work, a comparison of the efficiency of the cytotoxic function between CD8+ T cells of adult and elderly mice was carried out by a time-resolved killing assay. Furthermore, the impact of various external Ca2+ concentrations on this process was investigated and age-related changes in the expressions of relevant proteins were quantified by qRT-PCR and western blot. An essential result of this work is, that reductions of the expression levels of STIMs and Orais, as well as an increased expression of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 4 (PMCA4) in CD8+ T cells of elderly mice provide an explanation for the age-related reduction of Ca2+ signals presented in this doctoral study. Furthermore, the time-resolved killing assays showed an increased killing kinetic for CD8+ T cells of elderly mice, which is most likely based on increased expressions of fas ligand, perforin and granzymes. The killing assays with various external Ca2+ concentrations showed, that an increase or a decrease in the abundancy of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid affects the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells of elderly mice less than the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells of adult mice. Additionally, for the first time, the minimal external Ca2+ concentration for an efficient cytotoxicity of murine CD8+ T cells was determined at approximately 74 ÎŒM. The characteristic age-related changes in the CD8+ T cell subtype distribution are most likely no additional cause for the Ca2+ signal reductions or the increased killing kinetic. This study offers an explanation for age-related reductions of Ca2+ signals in murine CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, it demonstrates an increased kinetic of the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells of elderly mice and provides a likely source of this effect. Based on this work other parameters of the Ca2+ homeostasis and the cytotoxic function of murine CD8+ T cells can be investigated for age-related differences and their causes. Moreover, one could aim for a transfer of the gained knowledge from murine to human CD8+ T cells

    STIM-Orai Channels and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Tumor Microenvironment

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    The tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by cancer and noncancerous cells, the extracellular matrix, soluble factors, and blood vessels. Interactions between the cells, matrix, soluble factors, and blood vessels generate this complex heterogeneous microenvironment. The TME may be metabolically beneficial or unbeneficial for tumor growth, it may favor or not favor a productive immune response against tumor cells, or it may even favor conditions suited to hijacking the immune system for benefitting tumor growth. Soluble factors relevant for TME include oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, Ca2+, H+, growth factors, or cytokines. Ca2+ plays a prominent role in the TME because its concentration is directly linked to cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, or migration but also to immune cell function. Stromal-interaction molecules (STIM)-activated Orai channels are major Ca2+ entry channels in cancer cells and immune cells, they are upregulated in many tumors, and they are strongly regulated by ROS. Thus, STIM and Orai are interesting candidates to regulate cancer cell fate in the TME. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the function of ROS and STIM/Orai in cancer cells; discuss their interdependencies; and propose new hypotheses how TME, ROS, and Orai channels influence each other

    Faster cytotoxicity with age : Increased perforin and granzyme levels in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells boost cancer cell elimination

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    A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the altered efficiency of CTLs in elderly organisms. In particular, the efficacy of antiviral CD8+ T cells responses in the elderly has come back into focus since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. However, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to alterations in T cell function and the origin of the observed impairments have not been fully explored. Therefore, we investigated whether intrinsic changes affect the cytotoxic ability of CD8+ T cells in aging. We focused on the different subpopulations and time-resolved quantification of cytotoxicity during tumor cell elimination. We report a surprising result: Killing kinetics of CD8+ T cells from elderly mice are much faster than those of CD8+ T cells from adult mice. This is true not only in the total CD8+ T cell population but also for their effector (TEM) and central memory (TCM) T cell subpopulations. TIRF experiments reveal that CD8+ T cells from elderly mice possess comparable numbers of fusion events per cell, but significantly increased numbers of cells with granule fusion. Analysis of the cytotoxic granule (CG) content shows significantly increased perforin and granzyme levels and turns CD8+ T cells of elderly mice into very efficient killers. This highlights the importance of distinguishing between cell-intrinsic alterations and microenvironmental changes in elderly individuals. Our results also stress the importance of analyzing the dynamics of CTL cytotoxicity against cancer cells because, with a simple endpoint lysis analysis, cytotoxic differences could have easily been overlooked

    IL-17C-mediated innate inflammation decreases the response to PD-1 blockade in a model of Kras-driven lung cancer

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    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with neutrophilic lung infammation and CD8 T cell exhaustion and is an important risk factor for the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The clinical response to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade in NSCLC patients is variable and likely afected by a coexisting COPD. The pro-infammatory cytokine interleukin-17C (IL-17C) promotes lung infammation and is present in human lung tumors. Here, we used a Krasdriven lung cancer model to examine the function of IL-17C in infammation-promoted tumor growth. Genetic ablation of Il-17c resulted in a decreased recruitment of infammatory cells into the tumor microenvironment, a decreased expression of tumor-promoting cytokines (e.g. interleukin-6 (IL-6)), and a reduced tumor proliferation in the presence of Haemophilus infuenzae- (NTHi) induced COPD-like lung infammation. Chronic COPD-like infammation was associated with the expression of PD-1 in CD8 lymphocytes and the membrane expression of the programmed death ligand (PD-L1) independent of IL-17C. Tumor growth was decreased in Il-17c defcient mice but not in wildtype mice after anti-PD-1 treatment. Our results suggest that strategies targeting innate immune mechanisms, such as blocking of IL-17C, may improve the response to anti-PD-1 treatment in lung cancer patients
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