13 research outputs found
Lowest-Energy Crystalline Polymorphs of P3HT
We systematically
study low-energy crystalline polymorphs of the
archetypal conjugated polymer, regioregular poly-3-hexylthiophene
(rr-P3HT) using the best available density functional theory methods
benchmarked against the ab initio coupled cluster method. A comprehensive
conformational search is performed for two-dimensional π-stacks
being the most rigid structural unit of bulk P3HT. We have identified
a number of nearly isoenergetic polymorphs below the energy level
of room-temperature amorphous structures and well below the energy
of optimized best-fit experimental models. Classical molecular dynamics
simulations show that these crystals retain their structure at least
at 200 K. At room temperature, although the conjugated backbone of
the π-stack remains ordered, aliphatic side chains are melted,
transforming from low-energy folded conformations to high-entropy
fully unfolded structures. Our study shows that P3HT is a statistically
frustrated system with multiple competing interactions, which complicates
fabrication of highly ordered bulk forms but gives structural flexibility
of glasses
Lowest-Energy Crystalline Polymorphs of P3HT
We systematically
study low-energy crystalline polymorphs of the
archetypal conjugated polymer, regioregular poly-3-hexylthiophene
(rr-P3HT) using the best available density functional theory methods
benchmarked against the ab initio coupled cluster method. A comprehensive
conformational search is performed for two-dimensional π-stacks
being the most rigid structural unit of bulk P3HT. We have identified
a number of nearly isoenergetic polymorphs below the energy level
of room-temperature amorphous structures and well below the energy
of optimized best-fit experimental models. Classical molecular dynamics
simulations show that these crystals retain their structure at least
at 200 K. At room temperature, although the conjugated backbone of
the π-stack remains ordered, aliphatic side chains are melted,
transforming from low-energy folded conformations to high-entropy
fully unfolded structures. Our study shows that P3HT is a statistically
frustrated system with multiple competing interactions, which complicates
fabrication of highly ordered bulk forms but gives structural flexibility
of glasses
Ab Initio Study of a Molecular Crystal for Photovoltaics: Light Absorption, Exciton and Charge Carrier Transport
Using
ab initio methods we examine the molecular and solid-state
electronic properties of a recently synthesized small-molecule donor, <i>p</i>-DTSÂ(PTTh<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, which belongs to the
dithienosilole-pyridylthiadiazole family of chromophores. In combination
with the PC<sub>70</sub>BM acceptor, <i>p</i>-DTSÂ(PTTh<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> can be used to fabricate high-efficiency bulk
heterojunction organic solar cells. A precise picture of molecular
structure and interchromophore packing is provided via a single-crystal
X-ray diffraction study; such details cannot be easily obtained with
donor materials based on conjugated polymers. In first-principles
approaches we are limited to a single-crystallite scale. At this scale,
according to our investigation, the principal properties responsible
for the high efficiency are strong low-energy light absorption by
individual molecules, large exciton diffusion length, and fast disorder-resistant
hole transport along π-stacks in the crystallite. The calculated
exciton diffusion length is substantially larger than the average
crystallite size in previously characterized device active layers,
and the calculated hole mobility is 2 orders of magnitude higher than
the measured device-scale mobility, meaning that the power conversion
“losses” on a single-crystallite scale are minimal
Ab Initio Study of a Molecular Crystal for Photovoltaics: Light Absorption, Exciton and Charge Carrier Transport
Using
ab initio methods we examine the molecular and solid-state
electronic properties of a recently synthesized small-molecule donor, <i>p</i>-DTSÂ(PTTh<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, which belongs to the
dithienosilole-pyridylthiadiazole family of chromophores. In combination
with the PC<sub>70</sub>BM acceptor, <i>p</i>-DTSÂ(PTTh<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> can be used to fabricate high-efficiency bulk
heterojunction organic solar cells. A precise picture of molecular
structure and interchromophore packing is provided via a single-crystal
X-ray diffraction study; such details cannot be easily obtained with
donor materials based on conjugated polymers. In first-principles
approaches we are limited to a single-crystallite scale. At this scale,
according to our investigation, the principal properties responsible
for the high efficiency are strong low-energy light absorption by
individual molecules, large exciton diffusion length, and fast disorder-resistant
hole transport along π-stacks in the crystallite. The calculated
exciton diffusion length is substantially larger than the average
crystallite size in previously characterized device active layers,
and the calculated hole mobility is 2 orders of magnitude higher than
the measured device-scale mobility, meaning that the power conversion
“losses” on a single-crystallite scale are minimal
Crystal Structure and Li-Ion Transport in Li<sub>2</sub>CoPO<sub>4</sub>F High-Voltage Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
In
this work, we provide a structural and computational investigation
of the Li<sub>2</sub>CoPO<sub>4</sub>F high-voltage cathode material
by means of neutron powder diffraction (SG <i>Pnma</i>, <i>a</i> = 10.4528(2) Ă…, <i>b</i> = 6.38667(10)
Å, <i>c</i> = 10.8764(2) Å, <i>R</i><sub>F</sub> = 0.0145), crystal chemistry approaches (Voronoi–Dirichlet
partitioning and bond valence sums mapping), and density functional
theory. The material reveals low energy barriers (0.12–0.43
eV) of Li hopping and a possible 3D channel system for Li-ion migration.
It is found that only one Li per formula unit can be extracted within
the potential stability window of the commercially available electrolytes.
The interrelation between dimensionality, topology and energetics
of Li-ion diffusion and peculiarities of the Li<sub>2</sub>CoPO<sub>4</sub>F crystal structure are discussed in detail
Polymorphism of Crystalline Molecular Donors for Solution-Processed Organic Photovoltaics
Using
ab initio calculations and classical molecular dynamics simulations
coupled to complementary experimental characterization, four molecular
semiconductors were investigated in vacuum, solution, and crystalline
form. Independently, the molecules can be described as nearly isostructural,
yet in crystalline form, two distinct crystal systems are observed
with characteristic molecular geometries. The minor structural variations
provide a platform to investigate the subtlety of simple substitutions,
with particular focus on polymorphism and rotational isomerism. Resolved
crystal structures offer an exact description of intermolecular ordering
in the solid state. This enables evaluation of molecular binding energy
in various crystallographic configurations to fully rationalize observed
crystal packing on a basis of first-principle calculations of intermolecular
interactions
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Conformational Preferences of Molecular Semiconductors
Structural
modules used for assembling molecular semiconductors
have typically been chosen to give desirable optical and electronic
properties. Growing evidence shows that chemical functionalities should
be considered for controlling molecular shape, which is important
for function because of its influence on polymer secondary structure,
lattice arrangements in crystals, and crystallization tendencies.
Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, followed by a
natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, we examine eight molecular semiconductors
with resolved single crystal X-ray structures to understand the features
that dominate molecular conformations and ultimately develop practical
rules that govern these preferences. All molecules can be described
by a D′–A–D–A–D′ architecture
and have a 4,4-dimethyl-4<i>H</i>-siloloÂ[3,2-<i>b</i>:4,5-<i>b</i>′]Âdithiophene (DTS) donor (D) core
unit, with [1,2,5]ÂthiadiazoloÂ[3,4-<i>c</i>]Âpyridine (PT),
5-fluorobenzoÂ[<i>c</i>]Â[1,2,5]Âthiadiazole (FBT), or benzoÂ[1,2,5]Âthiadiazole
(BT) electron acceptor (A) units, and either thiophene, 5-hexyl-2,2′-bithiophene,
or benzofuran electron-donating end-caps (D′). The NBO analysis
shows that the energy difference between the two alternative conformations,
or rotamers, (Δ<i>E</i><sub>rot</sub>) is a delicate
balance of multiple competing nonbonding interactions that are distributed
among many atoms. These interactions include attractive “donor–acceptor”
electron sharing, steric repulsion, and electrostatic stabilization
or destabilization. A proper grouping of these interactions reveals
two primary factors determining <i>Δ<i>E</i></i><sub>rot</sub>. The first concerns heteroatoms adjacent to the bonds
connecting the structural units, wherein the asymmetric distribution
of π-electron density across the link joining the units results
in stabilization of one of two rotamers. The second factor arises
from electrostatic interactions between close-contact atoms, which
may also shift the <i>Δ<i>E</i></i><sub>rot</sub> of the two rotamers. When all these constituent interactions
cooperate, the dihedral angle is “locked” in a planar
conformation with a negligible population of alternative rotamers
Crystal Structure and Li-Ion Transport in Li<sub>2</sub>CoPO<sub>4</sub>F High-Voltage Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
In
this work, we provide a structural and computational investigation
of the Li<sub>2</sub>CoPO<sub>4</sub>F high-voltage cathode material
by means of neutron powder diffraction (SG <i>Pnma</i>, <i>a</i> = 10.4528(2) Ă…, <i>b</i> = 6.38667(10)
Å, <i>c</i> = 10.8764(2) Å, <i>R</i><sub>F</sub> = 0.0145), crystal chemistry approaches (Voronoi–Dirichlet
partitioning and bond valence sums mapping), and density functional
theory. The material reveals low energy barriers (0.12–0.43
eV) of Li hopping and a possible 3D channel system for Li-ion migration.
It is found that only one Li per formula unit can be extracted within
the potential stability window of the commercially available electrolytes.
The interrelation between dimensionality, topology and energetics
of Li-ion diffusion and peculiarities of the Li<sub>2</sub>CoPO<sub>4</sub>F crystal structure are discussed in detail
Tailored Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Conjugated Systems through Aggregates and Dipole–Dipole Interactions
A series of PPVO (<i>p</i>-phenylene vinylene oligomer) derivatives with functional groups
of varying electronegativity were synthesized via the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons
reaction. Subtle changes in the end group functionality significantly
impact the molecular electronic and optical properties of the PPVOs,
resulting in broadly tunable and efficient UV absorption and photoluminescence
spectra. Of particular interest is the NO<sub>2</sub>-substituted
PPVO which exhibits photoluminescence color ranging from the blue
to the red, thus encompassing the entire visible spectrum. Our experimental
study and electronic structure calculations suggest that the formation
of aggregates and strong dipole–dipole solute–solvent
interactions are responsible for the observed strong solvatochromism.
Experimental and theoretical results for the NH<sub>2</sub>-, H-,
and NO<sub>2</sub>-substituted PPVOs suggest that the stabilization
of ground or excited state dipoles leads to the blue or red shift
of the optical spectra. The electroluminescence (EL) spectra of H-,
COOH-, and NO<sub>2</sub>-PPVO have maxima at 487, 518, and 587 nm,
respectively, in the OLED device. This trend in the EL spectra is
in excellent agreement with the end group-dependent PL spectra of
the PPVO thin-films
A Critical Assessment of the Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol Supplements for Treating Mitochondrial Disorders
In human cells, mitochondria provide the largest part of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate generated by the process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Impaired OXPHOS activity leads to a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases for which therapeutic options today remain very limited. Potential innovative strategies aim to ameliorate mitochondrial function by increasing the total mitochondrial load of tissues and/or to scavenge the excess of reactive oxygen species generated by OXPHOS malfunctioning. In this respect, resveratrol, a compound that conveniently combines mitogenetic with antioxidant activities and, as a bonus, possesses anti-apoptotic properties, has come forward as a promising nutraceutical. We review the scientific evidence gathered so far through experiments in both in vitro and in vivo systems, evaluating the therapeutic effect that resveratrol is expected to generate in mitochondrial patients. The obtained results are encouraging, but clearly show that achieving normalization of OXPHOS function with this strategy alone could prove to be an unattainable goal