MATURAÇÃO DA UVA ‘BENITAKA’ CULTIVADA EM CLIMA SUBTROPICAL

Tradicionais produtoras de uvas finas para mesa, as regiões de Pilar do Sul e São Miguel Arcanjo requerem estudos relacionados à evolução da maturação a fim de garantir a colheita de frutos que atendam as exigências de mercado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a maturação da uva ‘Benitaka’ cultivada em clima subtropical. O experimento foi realizado em um vinhedo comercial da uva ‘Benitaka’ enxertada no porta-enxerto 420-A, em sistema de condução do tipo pérgola, no sétimo ano de produção, localizado em Pilar do Sul, SP, Brasil (23º 48’ S, 47º 42’ O e altitude de 689 m), no ciclo produtivo de 2014/15. A partir do início da maturação, aos 114 dias após a poda (DAP), realizou-se amostragem semanal das bagas para a determinação dos teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), pH, acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT e açúcares redutores (AR), se estendendo a amostragem de bagas até a colheita (156 DAP). A uva ‘Benitaka’ cultivada em região subtropical apresentou boas características físico-químicas aos 156 dias após a poda, com valores de SS de 15,99 ºBrix, AT de 0,49 % de ácido tartárico, pH 3,73, relação SS/AT de 32,68 e AR de 14,10 %

Coupling remote sensing and eDNA to monitor environmental impact: A pilot to quantify the environmental benefits of sustainable agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon

Monitoring is essential to ensure that environmental goals are being achieved, including those of sustainable agriculture. Growing interest in environmental monitoring provides an opportunity to improve monitoring practices. Approaches that directly monitor land cover change and biodiversity annually by coupling the wall-to-wall coverage from remote sensing and the site-specific community composition from environmental DNA (eDNA) can provide timely, relevant results for parties interested in the success of sustainable agricultural practices. To ensure that the measured impacts are due to the environmental projects and not exogenous factors, sites where projects have been implemented should be benchmarked against counterfactuals (no project) and control (natural habitat) sites. Results can then be used to calculate diverse sets of indicators customized to monitor different projects. Here, we report on our experience developing and applying one such approach to assess the impact of shaded cocoa projects implemented by the Instituto de Manejo e Certificação Florestal e Agrícola (IMAFLORA) near São Félix do Xingu, in Pará, Brazil. We used the Continuous Degradation Detection (CODED) and LandTrendr algorithms to create a remote sensing-based assessment of forest disturbance and regeneration, estimate carbon sequestration, and changes in essential habitats. We coupled these remote sensing methods with eDNA analyses using arthropod-targeted primers by collecting soil samples from intervention and counterfactual pasture field sites and a control secondary forest. We used a custom set of indicators from the pilot application of a coupled monitoring framework called TerraBio. Our results suggest that, due to IMAFLORA’s shaded cocoa projects, over 400 acres were restored in the intervention area and the community composition of arthropods in shaded cocoa is closer to second-growth forests than that of pastures. In reviewing the coupled approach, we found multiple aspects worked well, and we conclude by presenting multiple lessons learned

Fig 4 -

(A) Disturbance classification 2010–2015. Inset maps (B: B1, B2, B3) are shown with black outline and inset maps (C: C1, C2) are shown with blue outline on the main map. (B1) Inset map of disturbance classification 2010–2015 over a particular area to outline classification vs. RGB images. (B2) Inset RGB image pre-study period from Landsat 5 (July 30, 2009). (B3) Inset RGB image post-study period from Sentinel-2 (June 26, 2016). (C1, C2) Example of disturbances within one of the properties (degradation in yellow, deforestation in red, stable forest in dark green, and non-forest in gray). overlayed on the RGB Landsat 5 image (July 30, 2009).</p

Fig 7 -

Shannon diversity (left) and Simpson’s (right) by field type.</p

Sample sizes for change map validation.

Sample size per class for validation efforts. The change maps (disturbance map and regeneration map) were combined into one map and the same sample dataset was used for accuracy assessment. (DOCX)</p

MPSA definitions.

A detailed description of all MPSA definitions. (DOCX)</p

eDNA soil sampling protocol.

Monitoring is essential to ensure that environmental goals are being achieved, including those of sustainable agriculture. Growing interest in environmental monitoring provides an opportunity to improve monitoring practices. Approaches that directly monitor land cover change and biodiversity annually by coupling the wall-to-wall coverage from remote sensing and the site-specific community composition from environmental DNA (eDNA) can provide timely, relevant results for parties interested in the success of sustainable agricultural practices. To ensure that the measured impacts are due to the environmental projects and not exogenous factors, sites where projects have been implemented should be benchmarked against counterfactuals (no project) and control (natural habitat) sites. Results can then be used to calculate diverse sets of indicators customized to monitor different projects. Here, we report on our experience developing and applying one such approach to assess the impact of shaded cocoa projects implemented by the Instituto de Manejo e Certificação Florestal e Agrícola (IMAFLORA) near São Félix do Xingu, in Pará, Brazil. We used the Continuous Degradation Detection (CODED) and LandTrendr algorithms to create a remote sensing-based assessment of forest disturbance and regeneration, estimate carbon sequestration, and changes in essential habitats. We coupled these remote sensing methods with eDNA analyses using arthropod-targeted primers by collecting soil samples from intervention and counterfactual pasture field sites and a control secondary forest. We used a custom set of indicators from the pilot application of a coupled monitoring framework called TerraBio. Our results suggest that, due to IMAFLORA’s shaded cocoa projects, over 400 acres were restored in the intervention area and the community composition of arthropods in shaded cocoa is closer to second-growth forests than that of pastures. In reviewing the coupled approach, we found multiple aspects worked well, and we conclude by presenting multiple lessons learned.</div

Aitchison distances within treatments and between treatments.

Aitchison distances within treatments and between treatments.</p

Study area in the state of Pará, Brazil.

Yellow dots represent the farms that have partnered with IMAFLORA.</p