294 research outputs found
WHAT WE HEAR AND WHAT WE DO: An analysis of the perceptual influence of child spacing campaigns on the knowledge, attitude and practices of rural women in South-East Nigeria
This study examines the influence of child spacing campaigns on the knowledge, attitude and practices of South-East rural women. Using behavioural change theory as the framework, the study adopted survey method as its research design. A total of 384 respondents drawn from the South-East responded to the copies of the questionnaire designed from six research questions raised in the study. After a thorough analysis, it was found that while the mass media campaigns on child spacing have created serious awareness about child spacing in South-East rural communities, the practice is still very low. Some of the problems found to be associated with this low practice include lack of adequate community health facilitators, lack of information on improved child spacing techniques, urban oriented messages, lack of integration of the rural people in messages/communication meant for their consumption, etc. Based on these findings, it was recommended that, health workers, media researchers, communicators, social workers, guidance counselors and those in the helping profession should take cognizance of those variables that have been found to influence birth spacing practices among couples with the view to correcting them for an informed and healthy society. Keywords: Child spacing ●Campaign● Attitude ● Practices● Rural wome
Dynamics and underlying causes of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe
The prevalence and impacts of the illegal trade in
bushmeat are under appreciated in Southern Africa, despite
indications that it constitutes a serious conservation
threat in parts of the region. Bushmeat trade has emerged
as a severe threat to wildlife conservation and the viability
of wildlife-based land uses in Zimbabwe during a period of
political instability and severe economic decline. We
conducted a study around Save´ Valley Conservancy in
the South-East Lowveld of Zimbabwe to investigate the
dynamics and underlying causes of the bushmeat trade,
with the objective of developing solutions. We found that
bushmeat hunting is conducted mainly by unemployed
young men to generate cash income, used mostly to
purchase food. Bushmeat is mainly sold to people with
cash incomes in adjacent communal lands and population
centres and is popular by virtue of its affordability and
availability. Key drivers of the bushmeat trade in the
South-East Lowveld include: poverty, unemployment and
food shortages, settlement of wildlife areas by impoverished
communities that provided open access to wildlife
resources, failure to provide stakes for communities in
wildlife-based land uses, absence of affordable protein
sources other than illegally sourced bushmeat, inadequate
investment in anti-poaching in areas remaining under
wildlife management, and weak penal systems that do
not provide sufficient deterrents to illegal bushmeat hunters.
Each of these underlying causes needs to be addressed
for the bushmeat trade to be tackled effectively. However,
in the absence of political and economic stability, controlling
illegal bushmeat hunting will remain extremely difficult
and the future of wildlife-based land uses will remain
bleak.TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, the
European Union, the German Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development, Wilderness Trust,
Chicago Board of Trade, and the supporters of the African
Wildlife Conservation Fund.http://journals.cambridge.orgab201
Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe
Under conditions of political instability and
economic decline illegal bushmeat hunting has emerged
as a serious conservation threat in Zimbabwe. Following
settlement of game ranches by subsistence farming communities,
wildlife populations have been eradicated over
large areas. In several areas still being managed as game
ranches illegal hunting is causing further declines of
wildlife populations (including threatened species such as
the wild dog Lycaon pictus and black rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis), threatening the viability of wildlife-based land
uses. From August 2001 to July 2009 in Save´ Valley
Conservancy 10,520 illegal hunting incidents were recorded,
84,396 wire snares removed, 4,148 hunters caught,
2,126 hunting dogs eliminated and at least 6,454 wild
animals killed. Estimated future financial losses from illegal
hunting in the Conservancy exceed USD 1.1 million year-1.
Illegal hunters’ earnings account for 0.31–0.52% of the
financial losses that they impose and the bushmeat trade is
an inefficient use of wildlife resources. Illegal hunting
peaks during the late dry season and is more frequent
close to the boundary, near areas resettled during land
reform and close to water. Illegal hunting with dogs peaks
during moonlight periods. Our study highlights several
management and land-use planning steps required to
maximize the efficacy of anti-poaching and to reduce the
likelihood of high impacts of illegal hunting. Anti-poaching
efforts should be aligned with the regular temporal and
spatial patterns of illegal hunting. Leases for hunting and
tourism concessions should ensure minimum adequate
investment by operators in anti-poaching. Reserve designers
should minimize the surface area to volume ratio of parks.
Fences should not be constructed using wire that can be
made into snares. Land reform involving game ranches
should integrate communities in wildlife-based land uses and ensure spatial separation between land for wildlife and
human settlement. Means are required to create stakeholdings
for communities in wildlife and disincentives for
illegal hunting.TRAFFIC Southern and East Africa, the
European Union, Wilderness Trust, Chicago Board of
Trade and the supporters of the African Wildlife Conservation
Fund.http://journals.cambridge.orgab201
S-Brane Thermodynamics
The description of string-theoretic s-branes at g_s=0 as exact worldsheet
CFTs with a (lambda cosh X^0) or (lambda e^(X^0)) boundary interaction is
considered. Due to the imaginary-time periodicity of the interaction under X^0
-> X^0 + 2 pi i, these configurations have intriguing similarities to black
hole or de Sitter geometries. For example, the open string pair production as
seen by an Unruh detector is thermal at temperature T = 1/4 pi. It is shown
that, despite the rapid time dependence of the s-brane, there exists an exactly
thermal mixed state of open strings. The corresponding boundary state is
constructed for both the bosonic and superstring cases. This state defines a
long-distance Euclidean effective field theory whose light modes are confined
to the s-brane. At the critical value of the coupling lambda=1/2, the boundary
interaction simply generates an SU(2) rotation by pi from Neumman to Dirichlet
boundary conditions. The lambda=1/2 s-brane reduces to an array of sD-branes
(D-branes with a transverse time dimension) on the imaginary time axis. The
long range force between a (bosonic) sD-brane and an ordinary D-brane is shown
from the annulus diagram to be 11/12 times the force between two D-branes. The
linearized time-dependent RR field F=dC produced by an sD-brane in superstring
theory is explicitly computed and found to carry a half unit of s-charge
Q_s=\int_S *F=1/2, where S is any transverse spacelike slice.Comment: 42 page
Charged AdS Black Holes and Catastrophic Holography
We compute the properties of a class of charged black holes in anti-de Sitter
space-time, in diverse dimensions. These black holes are solutions of
consistent Einstein-Maxwell truncations of gauged supergravities, which are
shown to arise from the inclusion of rotation in the transverse space. We
uncover rich thermodynamic phase structures for these systems, which display
classic critical phenomena, including structures isomorphic to the van der
Waals-Maxwell liquid-gas system. In that case, the phases are controlled by the
universal `cusp' and `swallowtail' shapes familiar from catastrophe theory. All
of the thermodynamics is consistent with field theory interpretations via
holography, where the dual field theories can sometimes be found on the world
volumes of coincident rotating branes.Comment: 19 pages, revtex, psfig, 6 multicomponent figures, typos, references
and a few remarks have been repaired, and adde
Inflation, cold dark matter, and the central density problem
A problem with high central densities in dark halos has arisen in the context
of LCDM cosmologies with scale-invariant initial power spectra. Although n=1 is
often justified by appealing to the inflation scenario, inflationary models
with mild deviations from scale-invariance are not uncommon and models with
significant running of the spectral index are plausible. Even mild deviations
from scale-invariance can be important because halo collapse times and
densities depend on the relative amount of small-scale power. We choose several
popular models of inflation and work out the ramifications for galaxy central
densities. For each model, we calculate its COBE-normalized power spectrum and
deduce the implied halo densities using a semi-analytic method calibrated
against N-body simulations. We compare our predictions to a sample of dark
matter-dominated galaxies using a non-parametric measure of the density. While
standard n=1, LCDM halos are overdense by a factor of 6, several of our example
inflation+CDM models predict halo densities well within the range preferred by
observations. We also show how the presence of massive (0.5 eV) neutrinos may
help to alleviate the central density problem even with n=1. We conclude that
galaxy central densities may not be as problematic for the CDM paradigm as is
sometimes assumed: rather than telling us something about the nature of the
dark matter, galaxy rotation curves may be telling us something about inflation
and/or neutrinos. An important test of this idea will be an eventual consensus
on the value of sigma_8, the rms overdensity on the scale 8 h^-1 Mpc. Our
successful models have values of sigma_8 approximately 0.75, which is within
the range of recent determinations. Finally, models with n>1 (or sigma_8 > 1)
are highly disfavored.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. Minor changes made to reflect referee's
Comments, error in Eq. (18) corrected, references updated and corrected,
conclusions unchanged. Version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D,
scheduled for 15 August 200
Benefits of wildlife-based land uses on private lands in Namibia and limitations affecting their development
Legislative changes during the 1960s–1970s
granted user rights over wildlife to landowners in southern
Africa, resulting in a shift from livestock farming to wildlifebased
land uses. Few comprehensive assessments of such
land uses on private land in southern Africa have been
conducted and the associated benefits are not always
acknowledged by politicians. Nonetheless, wildlife-based
land uses are growing in prevalence on private land. In
Namibia wildlife-based land use occurs over c. 287,000 km2.
Employment is positively related to income from ecotourism
and negatively related to income from livestock. While
87% of meat from livestock is exported $95% of venison
from wildlife-based land uses remains within the country,
contributing to food security. Wildlife populations are
increasing with expansion of wildlife-based land uses, and
private farms contain 21–33 times more wildlife than in
protected areas. Because of the popularity of wildlife-based
land uses among younger farmers, increasing tourist arrivals
and projected impacts of climate change on livestock
production, the economic output of wildlife-based land
uses will probably soon exceed that of livestock. However, existing policies favour livestock production and are
prejudiced against wildlife-based land uses by prohibiting
reintroductions of buffalo Syncerus caffer, a key species for
tourism and safari hunting, and through subsidies that
artificially inflate the profitability of livestock production.
Returns from wildlife-based land uses are also limited by the
failure to reintroduce other charismatic species, failure to develop fully-integrated conservancies and to integrate
black farmers sufficiently.TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa and Tom
Milliken for instigating this project and the German
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
and African Wildlife Conservation Fund.http://journals.cambridge.orgam201
Cosmological parameters from SDSS and WMAP
We measure cosmological parameters using the three-dimensional power spectrum
P(k) from over 200,000 galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in
combination with WMAP and other data. Our results are consistent with a
``vanilla'' flat adiabatic Lambda-CDM model without tilt (n=1), running tilt,
tensor modes or massive neutrinos. Adding SDSS information more than halves the
WMAP-only error bars on some parameters, tightening 1 sigma constraints on the
Hubble parameter from h~0.74+0.18-0.07 to h~0.70+0.04-0.03, on the matter
density from Omega_m~0.25+/-0.10 to Omega_m~0.30+/-0.04 (1 sigma) and on
neutrino masses from <11 eV to <0.6 eV (95%). SDSS helps even more when
dropping prior assumptions about curvature, neutrinos, tensor modes and the
equation of state. Our results are in substantial agreement with the joint
analysis of WMAP and the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, which is an impressive
consistency check with independent redshift survey data and analysis
techniques. In this paper, we place particular emphasis on clarifying the
physical origin of the constraints, i.e., what we do and do not know when using
different data sets and prior assumptions. For instance, dropping the
assumption that space is perfectly flat, the WMAP-only constraint on the
measured age of the Universe tightens from t0~16.3+2.3-1.8 Gyr to
t0~14.1+1.0-0.9 Gyr by adding SDSS and SN Ia data. Including tensors, running
tilt, neutrino mass and equation of state in the list of free parameters, many
constraints are still quite weak, but future cosmological measurements from
SDSS and other sources should allow these to be substantially tightened.Comment: Minor revisions to match accepted PRD version. SDSS data and ppt
figures available at http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/sdsspars.htm
Monitoring dryland energy and water dynamics in India: an analysis of COSMOS-India and flux tower observations
Small changes in precipitation and temperature can dramatically influence surface energy and water budgets in semi-arid regions. Quantifying land-atmosphere interactions and feedbacks in these areas is crucial to understanding global water and carbon cycles, for the development and testing of land surface, weather prediction and climate models, as well as for monitoring local water resources and agricultural output. We report the results of co-located observations of land surface water and energy fluxes and large-area soil moisture dynamics obtained at three study sites located across India. These sites were instrumented as part of the INCOMPASS (INteraction of Convective Organisation with Monsoon Precipitation, Atmosphere, Surface and Sea) and COSMOS-India projects. Two sites are located on contrasting red (Alfisols) and black (Vertisols) soils on the Deccan Plateau. A third site is installed on alluvial soils (Fluvisols) on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Each site consists of an eddy covariance flux tower providing measurements of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes, micrometeorology and soil physics, in combination with a COSMOS (COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System) sensor that provides spatially-integrated measurements of soil water content at field scale. In this presentation, we report on feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere, with a specific focus on the evaporative fraction (EF=LE/LE+H), precipitation and time varying soil moisture dynamics. CEH: Ross Morrison, Jonathan Evans, Chris Taylor, Lucy Ball, Alan Jenkins, Hollie Cooper, Jenna Thornton.
IISc (Indian Institute of Science): Sekhar Muddu.
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad: S.S. Angadi.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur: Sachi Tripathi, Mithun Krishnan, Geet George.
University of Reading: Andrew G. Turner
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