Diurnal pH and temperature oscillations.

<p>Biologically induced pH fluctuation (increase during photosynthesis; decrease as result of respiration) in the present-day <i>p</i>CO₂ treatment tank (393 µatm) with (diamonds) and without sponges (circles), showing the causal relationship with the illumination phase (top); temperature fluctuation in the same tank affected by heat radiated off the metal halide lamps (bottom, triangles).</p

On the Long-run Neutrality of Demand Shocks

Long run neutrality restrictions have been widely used to identify structural shocks in VAR models. This paper revisits the seminal paper by Blanchard and Quah (1989), and investigates their identification scheme. We use structural VAR models with smoothly changing covariances for identification of shocks. The resulted impulse responses are economically meaningful. Formal test results reject the long-run neutrality of demand shocks

The geographic, geomorphological, and oceanographic framework of the study area (modified from [50]).

<p>A: The geographic framework of the study area within the Mediterranean Sea. B: The geological setting showing the Apulian Ridge as the foreland system of both the Appennines and Hellenic fold-and-thrust belts. B: The oceanographic setting showing ASW (Adriatic Surface Water), LIW (Levantine Intermediate Water), and ADW (Adriatic Dense Water) within the study area.</p

Summary of experimental settings, carbonate system parameters, nutrient levels, photosynthesis parameters, and sponge bioerosion figures (all values are given as mean values ± standard deviation for 10 days of exposure).

*<p>Carbonate system parameters computed with the software CO2SYS.</p>**<p>One contaminated sample excluded from analysis.</p

Water temperature measurement during the experiment from March 2008–2009.

<p>Dashed line marks the replacement from summer to winter platforms in October 2008. Due to platform and data loss, no water temperature is available for 15 and 250 m winter exposure, respectively.</p

A list of the abundance of anthropogenic items and the traces identified by video analysis at each macrohabitat.

<p>Abundance is reported for each site (MS04, MS06, MS08 and ReefABC) and for the total investigated area (all sites) expressed as the number of occurrences/10 m². <i>d</i> indicates disposal (litter and solid waste, mostly plastic materials); <i>fl/n</i> indicates the rests of fishing lines and nets; and <i>t</i> indicates trawling traces.</p

Results (<i>p</i> values) from the pairwise comparison of bioerosion rates in the four <i>p</i>CO₂ treatments (Mann-Whitney test; Bonferroni corrected <i>p</i> values in lower left triangle of matrix) performed after Kruskal-Wallis analysis (H = 21.25; Hc = 21.25; <i>p</i><0.0001; n = 8 per treatment) and rejection of normal distribution for the present-day (393 µatm) and the elevated treatment (571 µatm) via Shapiro-Wilk test.

*<p>significant difference.</p

The experimental setup.

<p>Low-flow open system in a constant temperature room (T = 25°C) using filtered sea-water (25 µm) stored in a reservoir tank, with four treatment lines (<i>p</i>CO₂ = 339 µatm, 393 µatm, 571 µatm, and 1410 µatm) each comprising a perturbation tank connected to a gas mixing pump, leading to an illuminated (12∶12 h) treatment tank with replicate petri dishes (n = 8 per treatment, containing 4 sponge-bearing coral cores) and controls (n = 3 per treatment, containing 4 clean coral cores), terminating in the buoyant weighing unit.</p

Increasing sponge bioerosion as a function of increasing <i>p</i>CO₂.

<p>(A) Weight loss per replicate set translated to bioerosion rates for the four <i>p</i>CO₂ treatments. The linear regression of the 32 replicates (8 per treatment) is highly significant (r² = 0.76; <i>p</i><0.0001). (B) Projected percent increase in sponge bioerosion relative to the present-day level, calculated for the BERN-CC model based on the SRES A2 (red), A1B (blue), and B1 (green) emission scenarios.</p

The zooxanthellate sponge <i>Cliona orientalis</i> at Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia.

<p>(A) Location of Orpheus Island (Palm Island Group) on the central GBR. (B) Medium-sized colony infesting the massive coral <i>Porites</i> sp. at the reef crest in Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island. (C) Detail illustrating the oscula (exhalant pores; inhalant pores are microscopically small) and the <i>Porites</i> skeletal structure visible beneath the sponge tissue. (D) One of the eight replicate sets per treatment tank with 4 healed sponge-bearing coral cores.</p