KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI TANAMAN JENGKOL (Pithecellobium jiringa) DI KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG

Penelitian tentang Karakterisasi Morfologi Tanaman Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa) Di Kabupaten Sijunjung telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret hingga Juli 2019. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakter morfologi tanaman jengkol, menemukan keragaman tanaman jengkol sebagai informasi plasma nutfah, dan mengetahui tingkat kemiripan tanaman jengkol di Kabupaten Sijunjung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dimana pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara sengaja (Purposive Sampling). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menjelaskan karakter morfologi tanaman jengkol yang ada di Kabupaten Sijunjung. Analisis kemiripan menggunakan program NTSYS PC 2.02 guna menjelaskan tingkat keragaman jengkol di Kabupaten Sijunjung. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa tanaman jengkol memiliki tipe permukaan batang yang agak kasar, kerapatan daun medium, tekstur permukaan daun halus, tulang daun menyirip, susunan daun opposite (berlawanan), bentuk helaian daun eliptic bertepi daun rata, dan daun muda berwarna merah kecoklatan. Arah tumbuh cabang ada tiga macam yaitu keatas, kebawah, dan keluar, tipe percabangan ada tiga macam yaitu erect, intermediet, dan spreading, bentuk percabangan ada tiga macam yaitu oblong, spherical, dan elliptical, ujung daun ada dua macam yaitu acuminate dan caudate, pangkal daun dua macam yaitu acute dan cuneate. warna kulit ari buah ada dua yaitu merah dan putih, warna buah ada dua yaitu putih kekuningan dan putih kehijauan. Tanaman jengkol yang memiliki keragaman morfologi paling tinggi adalah sampel KB-1 dengan AN-5. Analisis kemiripan tanaman jengkol dari 13 karakter morfologi menghasilkan koefisien kemiripan dengan angka 0,63-1, yang berarti bahwa tanaman jengkol memiliki keragaman yang kecil. Kata kunci : tanaman jengkol, karakterisasi, morfologi, keragaman, kemiripa

E-cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: Economic Impact on Current Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introduction: Awareness and usage of Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) among smokers have increased rapidly over the past few years, majorly in quitting smoking. The main objectives for this study were: 1) To estimate the prevalence and study sociodemographic predictors for e-cigs use among individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 2) To examine the predictors and estimate the total healthcare costs among current smokers with COPD 3) To estimate the economic impact of adopting e-cigs as a smoking cessation tool among current smokers with COPD. Methods: The National Health Interview Survey data from the year 2014 was utilized to estimate the prevalence and identify sociodemographic predictors associated with e-cigs use among COPD adult population. Total healthcare costs and sociodemographic and clinical predictors among current smokers with COPD were estimated using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from the year 2012-2013. Economic impact for adoption of e-cigs was obtained by developing an epidemiological cohort-Markov model from a societal perspective over the period of 5-year. The targeted population was current smokers with COPD and willing to quit smoking. Smoking abstinence for e-cigs was compared with Varenicline, Bupropion, and Nicotine Replacement therapy. Outcomes evaluated were the 1-year and accumulated 5-year total healthcare costs savings associated with e-cigs over other options. Results: Among individuals with COPD, 8.65% and 24.37% were current and ever e-cig users respectively. Current e-cigs use was found to be associated with individuals who have tried quitting smoking in the past (OR: 2.0; 95%CI: 1.05, 3.97). Adjusted total healthcare costs per patient per year among current smokers with COPD were found to be higher by $1,811 in comparison to non-smokers with COPD. The adoption of e-cigs among COPD current smokers can have a positive impact on the healthcare budget and can lead to healthcare cost savings of$37.71 million over the period of 5-year. Furthermore, a positive impact on budget were found among women and individuals with age 65 & above. Conclusion: E-cigs may be beneficial to the current US healthcare system if adopted as a smoking cessation tool among COPD individuals. However, uncertainty associated with product safety, efficacy and adherence for cessation warrants further studies and evaluation

Anal Customary Law and its Practices

The Anals who reside mostly in the south-eastern parts of Manipur are one of the oldest tribes of Manipur They have been recognized as the tribe of India since 1951 In this paper the author presents a comprehensive study of the customary laws that the Anals practice in the past and at present The study focuses on the various aspects of the Anal customary laws and its relevance The paper presents an overview of the various customary laws that the Anals follow and provides us with a clearer understanding of the Anal trib