Prerequisites for the irrigation system\u27s profitability

Hrvatska je jedna od europskih zemalja s najmanjim udjelom navodnjavanih poljoprivrednih površina što je nespojivo s njezinim klimatskim i proizvodnim značajkama. S udjelom od 2% navodnjavanih površina Hrvatska zaostaje desetak i više puta od usporedivih mediteranskih zemalja. Unatoč tome, zbog visokih investicijskih troškova koji su u Nacionalnom projektu navodnjavanja procijenjeni na 9.000 Eura po ha projektnog područja, uvođenje sustava navodnjavanja potrebno je planirati racionalno kako bi se izbjegli nepovoljni ekonomski i financijski učinci. Cilj rada je opisati neke od najvažnijih čimbenika isplativosti sustava navodnjavanja koji bi trebali biti uvaženi prilikom odluke o izgradnji sustava navodnjavanja na nekom području. Osnovni preduvjeti isplativosti ovakvih projekata su odabir lokacije na kojoj su utvrđeni realni rizici od suša, u kojoj je u strukturi biljne proizvodnje značajna zastupljenost povrća i voćnih vrsta te na kojoj su moguća tehnološka rješenja koja osiguravaju povoljnu cijenu za poljoprivrednike.Croatia is one of the European countries with the smallest share of irrigated agricultural land, which is incompatible with its climatic and production features. With a share of 2% of irrigated land, Croatia lags about ten and more times from comparable Mediterranean countries. Nevertheless, due to the high investment costs estimated in the National Irrigation Project of EUR 9,000 per ha of project area, the introduction of irrigation systems should be planned rationally in order to avoid adverse economic and financial impacts. The aim of the paper is to describe some of the most important irrigation system feasibility factors that should be taken into account when deciding on irrigation system construction in some area. The basic prerequisites for this kind of projects are the selection of the project where the real risks of drought were determined, in which vegetable production has a significant role, and where applied technological solutions provide a favorable water price for farmers

MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING IN STRATEGIC PLANNING OF TABLE EGG PRODUCTION

Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je analiza i vrednovanje različitih sustava proizvodnje konzumnih jaja primjenom višekriterijske analize, analitičkim hijerarhijskim procesom, pri odlučivanju u strateškome planiranju proizvodnje. Anketa je obuhvatila proizvođače konzumnih jaja upisane u Upisnik farmi kokoši nesilica na području RH. Definirani su kriteriji i podkriteriji, koji su međusobno uspoređeni u parovima, s ciljem određivanja težina, odnosno važnosti svakog od njih. Alternative su ocjenjivanje na način utvrđivanja prioriteta sudionika, u kojoj mjeri zadovoljavaju svaki od definiranih kriterija i podkriterija. Intenziteti preferencija svakog sudionika uneseni su u računalni program Expert Choice, s ciljem evaluacije rezultata rangiranja sustava. Definirani model sastojao se od kvantitativnog kriterija, ekonomski pokazatelji, i kvalitativnih kriterija, tržišni pokazatelji i tehničko-tehnološki činitelji. Svaki kriterij imao je pripadajuće podkriterije koji su brojčano bili ravnomjerno raspodijeljeni. Na osnovu individualnih ocjena sudionika istraživanja, dobivena je ukupna zbirna ocjena sustava. Prema istoj, najprihvatljivija je alternativa proizvodnja jaja u stajskome sustavu držanja nesilica (prioritet 0,301). Slijedi slobodni sustav držanja nesilica (prioritet 0,253). Treća rangirana alternativa je kavezni sustav proizvodnje jaja (prioritet 0,226), dok je četvrta najmanje prihvatljiva alternativa, prema ukupnoj grupnoj ocjeni, proizvodnja jaja prema ekološkim principima (prioritet 0,220). S obzirom na dobivene rezultate višekriterijske evaluacije, ali i trendova u svijetu i EU, koje se ogledaju u promjenama navika potrošača, kao i zabrinutosti za sigurnost i kvalitetu hrane, te preferencijama potrošača usmjerenih na lokalno tržište i lokalne proizvode, preporuka je proizvodnja jaja u stajskome sustavu držanja nesilica. Poduzimanje aktivnosti usmjeravanja i koordiniranja proizvodnje te kroz uređeno vanjsko okruženje dovelo bi do preokreta u stvaranju prepoznatljivih proizvoda i sustavnome diferenciranju istih. U tome smislu, proizvodnja jaja na malim gospodarstvima u stajskome načinu držanja kroz organiziranu proizvodnju, osim što osigurava mogućnost samozapošljavanja i ostvarivanja dodatnih prihoda, zasigurno ima i razvojni potencijal.The main research objective was to analyze and evaluate different systems of table egg production by using the multiple criteria analysis, the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in decision making within strategic planning of production. The survey involved 79 producers of table eggs registered in the Records on laying hens’ farms in the Republic of Croatia. In the first stage, the research defined the criteria and sub-criteria for system evaluation, which were compared in pairs in order to determine the weight or importance for each of them. Alternatives were evaluation based on definition of priorities of examinees and the extent to which they meet each of the defined criteria and sub-criteria. Intensity of examinees’ preferences were entered into the Expert Choice software in order to evaluate ranking results of egg production systems. Defined model consisted of a quantitative criterion of economic indicators, and the other two referred to qualitative criteria, market indicators and technical-technological factors. Each criterion had its corresponding sub-criteria that were evenly distributed in numerical order. Based on individual assessments of the examinees, overall cumulative evaluation was obtained for the table egg production systems. Accordingly, the most acceptable alternative to egg production is the indoor keeping system (priority 0.301). It is followed by the free-range system of keeping laying hens (priority 0.253). The third-ranked alternative is egg production by hens kept in conventional cages (priority 0.226), while the fourth-ranked least acceptable alternative, as of the total evaluation, is the ecological system of egg production (priority 0.220). Taking into account the obtained results of multiple criteria evaluation as well as EU and world trends in changing consumers’ habits including food safety and quality as well as customers’ preferences towards local market and local products, it is recommended that eggs should be produced by laying hens kept in an indoor keeping system. In this sense, organized egg production on small farms in an indoor keeping system offers a possibility for self-employment serving as a source of additional income certainly has great potentials for development

ANALIZA TOČKE POKRIĆA TROŠKOVA U PROIZVODNJI KONZUMNIH JAJA

A conducted research analyzes two systems of egg production, the conventional, commercial egg production and the egg production with a higher nutritive value - PUFA n-3 enriched eggs. Financial result of eggs production with PUFA n-3 is significantly higher than that of the conventional production - profitability of the conventional production was 19.29% and the one with PUFA n-3 enriched eggs 36.10%. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the efficiency of the use of capital based on the profitability of capital that is in the conventional egg production 23.9%, and in the production of PUFA n-3 enriched eggs 56.1%. According to the results of investigation, it is necessary to produce 258 eggs in the conventional egg production, whereas in the production of enrichments eggs with PUFA n-3 breakeven point (BEP) is lower and amounts 204 eggs per laying hen per year. A higher cover rate with a difference of 10% (42.99±53.07) confirms that the production of enrichments eggs with PUFA n-3 is economically more efficient.Učinkovitost proizvodnje jaja moguće je analizirati tehnološki i ekonomski. Analizirana su dva sustava proizvodnje jaja, konvencionalna tržišna proizvodnja i proizvodnja jaja visoke nutritivne vrijednosti, obogaćena jaja s PUFA n-3. Financijski rezultat u proizvodnji obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 značajno je viši u odnosu na konvencionalnu proizvodnju - profitabilnost konvencionalne proizvodnje bila je 19,29% a proizvodnje obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 36,10%. Učinkovitost kapitala u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji jaja iznosi 23,9%, a u proizvodnji jaja obogaćenih s PUFA n-3 je 56,1%. Prema rezultatima istraživanja primjenom analize točke pokrića, neophodno je proizvesti 258 jaja u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji, dok je obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 potrebno proizvesti 204 po nesilici godišnje. Viša stopa pokrića rezultira razlikom od 10% (42,99±53,07), što potvrđuje da je proizvodnja obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 ekonomski učinkovitija

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS PERCEPTIONS OF THE FARM ACCOUNTING DATA SYSTEM (FADS)

Postupak prilagođavanja Republike Hrvatske standardima Europske unije podrazumijeva mnogobrojne promjene u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Jedna od njih je uvođenje i provedba Sustava poljoprivrednih knjigovodstvenih podataka na komercijalnim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima. Cilj ovog sustava je praćenje i vrednovanje proizvodnih, ekonomskih te financijskih rezultata proizvodnje i poslovanja. U svrhu istraživanja provedeno je osobno ispitivanje usmjereno na utvrđivanje informiranosti poljoprivrednih proizvođača o uvođenju i provedbi navedenog sustava. U istraživanju su sudjelovali nositelji obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava Vukovarsko-srijemske i Osječkobaranjske županije. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju da 85% ispitanika nema nikakvih spoznaja o uvođenju Sustava poljoprivrednih knjigovodstvenih podataka, dok je 15% proizvođača informirano o uvođenju navedenog Sustava. Oko 72% ispitanika računovodstvo vodi iz obveze, ne prepoznavajući koristi računovodstvenih informacija u organiziranju i planiranju proizvodnje, a samo se 28% proizvođača izjasnilo da prepoznaje koristi računovodstvene evidencije. Osim nedostatka aktualnih informacija vezanih uz proizvodnju, poljoprivredni proizvođači ne vode redovito niti temeljne evidencije poslovanja. Neophodna je stalna edukacija poljoprivrednih proizvođača i suradnja s odgovarajućim institucijama kako bi im se približila aktualna događanja i mogućnosti poboljšanja rezultata proizvodnje. Gospodarski subjekti koji raspolažu redovito evidentiranim i točnim podacima s vlastitog gospodarstva kroz povratna izvješća mogu kontrolirati i unaprijediti rezultate poslovanja te donijeti važne poslovne odluke.Prior to the accession of Croatia to the European Union, there are many changes required in the agricultural sector, such as implementation of the Farm accounting data system by all agricultural producers dealing with commercial agriculture. The aim is to monitor and evaluate production parameters, as well as economic and financial results of production and overall agricultural business. Within this study, the survey was carried out by a direct method to assess the level of awareness of agricultural producers of implementation of the mentioned system. The survey focused on family farms operating in the areas of Vukovar-Srijem and Osijek-Baranja counties. The survey results indicate that 85% of producers had no information on the introduction of FADS. Only 28% of producers stated that they recognized benefits of accounting data records, and remaining 72% of examinees practiced accounting only because it was legally binding, but they did not recognize benefits of accounting data for planning and organisation of their production. Besides lacking the accurate information for production planning, agricultural producers often do not keep records of basic business operations. There is a need to continuously train agricultural producers and to establish cooperation with relevant institutions in order to introduce them to current trends and possibilities for improvements of production results. Agricultural producers that regularly record accurate data on their own activities are able to control and improve their business results by means of feedback reporting, and are also more successful in reaching right business decisions

Income analys in agricultural production of Republic of Croatia

Napravljena je analiza podataka komercijalnih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava klasificiranih u skupine prema tipu poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Oni uključuju razdoblje od 2015. do 2019. godine za sljedeće tipove proizvodnji: ratarstvo, povrćarstvo i cvjećarstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo te voćarstvo i maslinarstvo. Najveće korištene poljoprivredne površine su u ratarstvu, prosječno 29,9 ha. Najmanje je proizvodnih površina, prosječno 3,15 ha u vinogradarstvu i vinarstvu. Prosječna vrijednost izravnih plaćanja u neto prihodu pri ratarskoj proizvodnji iznosi 75,48 %, u voćarstvu i maslinarstvu se 30,96 % prihoda odnosi na izravna plaćanja, u povrćarstvu i cvjećarstvu je to 6,31 % dok prosječna vrijednost izravnih plaćanja u neto prihodu pri vinogradarstvu i vinarstvu sudjeluje s 4,65 %.An analysis was made of data from commercial farms classified into groups according to the type of agricultural production. They include the period from 2015. to 2019. for the following types of production: agricultural crops, vegetable and flower growing, viticulture and wine growing, and fruit growing and olive growing. The largest used agricultural areas are in arable farming, an average of 29,9 ha. The smallest production area, an average of 3,15 ha, is in viticulture and winemaking. The highest value of gross income in 2019. was achieved in viticulture and winemaking, EUR 35.466,55. Vegetable and flower growing achieved the lowest value of gross income in 2019., EUR 19.988,15. he average value of direct payments in net income in crop production is 75,48%, in fruit growing and olive growing 30,96% of income is related to direct payments, in vegetable and flower growing it is 6,31%, while the average value of direct payments in net income it participates in viticulture and winemaking with 4,65%

ANALIZA TOČKE POKRIĆA TROŠKOVA U PROIZVODNJI KONZUMNIH JAJA

A conducted research analyzes two systems of egg production, the conventional, commercial egg production and the egg production with a higher nutritive value - PUFA n-3 enriched eggs. Financial result of eggs production with PUFA n-3 is significantly higher than that of the conventional production - profitability of the conventional production was 19.29% and the one with PUFA n-3 enriched eggs 36.10%. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the efficiency of the use of capital based on the profitability of capital that is in the conventional egg production 23.9%, and in the production of PUFA n-3 enriched eggs 56.1%. According to the results of investigation, it is necessary to produce 258 eggs in the conventional egg production, whereas in the production of enrichments eggs with PUFA n-3 breakeven point (BEP) is lower and amounts 204 eggs per laying hen per year. A higher cover rate with a difference of 10% (42.99±53.07) confirms that the production of enrichments eggs with PUFA n-3 is economically more efficient.Učinkovitost proizvodnje jaja moguće je analizirati tehnološki i ekonomski. Analizirana su dva sustava proizvodnje jaja, konvencionalna tržišna proizvodnja i proizvodnja jaja visoke nutritivne vrijednosti, obogaćena jaja s PUFA n-3. Financijski rezultat u proizvodnji obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 značajno je viši u odnosu na konvencionalnu proizvodnju - profitabilnost konvencionalne proizvodnje bila je 19,29% a proizvodnje obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 36,10%. Učinkovitost kapitala u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji jaja iznosi 23,9%, a u proizvodnji jaja obogaćenih s PUFA n-3 je 56,1%. Prema rezultatima istraživanja primjenom analize točke pokrića, neophodno je proizvesti 258 jaja u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji, dok je obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 potrebno proizvesti 204 po nesilici godišnje. Viša stopa pokrića rezultira razlikom od 10% (42,99±53,07), što potvrđuje da je proizvodnja obogaćenih jaja s PUFA n-3 ekonomski učinkovitija