Estimating the Creation and Removal Date of Fracking Ponds Using Trend Analysis of Landsat Imagery

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of introducing liquid at high pressure to create fractures in shale rock formations, thus releasing natural gas. Flowback and produced water from fracking operations is typically stored in temporary open-air earthen impoundments, or frack ponds. Unfortunately, in the United States there is no public record of the location of impoundments, or the dates that impoundments are created or removed. In this study we use a dataset of drilling-related impoundments in Pennsylvania identified through the FrackFinder project led by SkyTruth, an environmental non-profit. For each impoundment location, we compiled all low cloud Landsat imagery from 2000 to 2016 and created a monthly time series for three bands: red, near-infrared (NIR), and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We identified the approximate date of creation and removal of impoundments from sudden breaks in the time series. To verify our method, we compared the results to date ranges derived from photointerpretation of all available historical imagery on Google Earth for a subset of impoundments. Based on our analysis, we found that the number of impoundments built annually increased rapidly from 2006 to 2010, and then slowed from 2010 to 2013. Since newer impoundments tend to be larger, however, the total impoundment area has continued to increase. The methods described in this study would be appropriate for finding the creation and removal date of a variety of industrial land use changes at known locations

Efficiency Audit Guidelines (1993)

"Reviewed October 1, 1993."An efficiency audit allows a firm to systematically review its entire operation and to determine potential cost reductions. Areas for potential cost reduction include management, production, purchasing, marketing and finance. By thoroughly evaluating these areas, management can determine a realistic goal for total cost reduction. This goal may be to break even or to increase profits 10 percent more than last year. Those areas with the greatest potential for cost reduction should have the highest priority. After management establishes priorities, it will be able to develop an action plan to put the firm back on the road to higher profits

Break-Even Analysis for Management Decision-Making (1993)

"Reviewed October 1, 1993."Break-even analysis can help management decide among many financial alternatives. Several decisions are aided by break-even analysis, such as those relative to pricing and machinery or equipment purchasing

The first step toward waste reduction : industrial waste audits (1993)

"Reviewed October 1993.""Waste reduction makes good management sense. Where there is waste, there is inefficiency, and where there is inefficiency, there is an opportunity to reduce costs. Reducing waste increases productivity, safeguards the environment and strengthens the firm's economic base. Waste reduction is a demonstration of the firm's commitment to environmental protection."--First page.John M. Amos (Engineering Specialist, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Hot wheels : scrap tire recycling (1993)

"Reviewed October 1, 1993.""10/1993.""Every year in the United States, 250 million automobile tires are discarded, presenting a serious disposal problem. Scrap tires take up large amounts of space and are difficult to destroy. The unsightly mounds of tires are flammable and release toxic fumes when burned. Missouri requires that all tires going to a landfill be shredded, with the end-product no larger than 6-inch chips. If they are discarded in larger sections, scrap tires do not disappear when dumped in landfills, but instead trap air that causes them to slowly push their way to the surface. This publication is intended to help Missourians comply with state regulations in reducing accumulations of scrap tires. Some potential uses for scrap tires, as well as some businesses that will accept old tires, are provided here.

Working With Your Banker (1993)

"Reviewed October 1, 1993."Banks are in the business of lending money. Loans to small business owners constitute a significant part of most bank investments. Business owners should realize that their banker wants to work with them and will go to great lengths in helping them work through their problems. However, business owners cannot wait until they are "going down for the third time" and expect to receive quick and thorough assistance. A relationship between a business owner and a banker must be established to identify small problems and tackle them before they get out of control

Kampanye Gizi Seimbang melalui Kesenian Rabab

The prevalence of underweight children under five in Indonesia is still high, compared to the target of Indonesia\u27s MDGs of 18.5% West Sumatra is still below the target. Health problems can not only be solved by the government, but community involvement is required, therefore the potential needs to be mobilized. Rabab is a traditional Minangkabau traditional string instrument made from coconut shell. With this rabab can be channeled one\u27s musical talents. Usually in this rabab narrated a variety of nagari stories or known by the term Kaba.merupakan a traditional theater that is populist in Minangkabau area, West Sumatra. Research with qualitative approach with research strategy "Case Study Research (CSR)" with descriptive case study. The study was planned to be conducted on 10 (ten) rabab players active in the Balai Selasa, Pesisir Selatan District. Most informants stated that the balanced nutrition message can be compiled into story through Rabab, almost all informants stated that balanced nutrition messages can be prepared according to the language of the community local, most informants stated that the message of balanced nutrition can be compiled according to the dialeg minang community, most informants stated that the message of balanced nutrition can be compiled by summarizing information in simple form, Rabab as a regional art that has the potential Minangkabau have the potential to campaign balanced nutrition in achieve optimal health for children under five and family. It is recommended to review the balanced nutrition messages for the various ages of the community through Rabab art, to examine the influence of Rabab arts interventions on the knowledge, attitude and actions of people of all ages on balanced nutrition, to formulate strategies for the development of Rabab art through the preparation of scenarios for changes in community behavior about balanced nutrition.   Keywords: nutrition, raba

Cleaning up the waste stream -- recycling plastics (1993)

"Reviewed October 1993.