Digestibility and metabolism of piglet diets containing zearalenone with addition of organoaluminosilicate

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo zearalenona (ZEA) com e sem adição de organoaluminossilicato (OA). Foram utilizadas 12 leitoas com peso inicial de 12 kg, alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, controle + 2 ppm de ZEA e controle + 2 ppm de ZEA com adição de 0,3% de OA na dieta) e quatro repetições, com o animal como unidade experimental. A ZEA e o OA não influenciaram (p > 0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, metabolização da energia, proteína digestível e energias digestível e metabolizável das dietas. A ZEA e OA não alteraram o balanço do N (p > 0,05), mas modificaram (p 0,05) a absorção de P em função da ingestão. O consumo de 2 ppm de ZEA com ou sem adição de 0,3% de OA não interfere na digestibilidade das dietas e no metabolismo dos suínos.An experiment was carried out to asses diet digestibility and metabolism balance of piglets fed on diets containing zearalenone (ZEA) with and without addition of organaluminisilicate (OA). Twelve gilts littermates were used, with 12 kg initial body weight, housed in metabolic cages. A completely randomized design was used and comprised three treatments (control, control + 2 ppm ZEA, and control + 2 ppm ZEA with addition of 0.3% of OA), and four replications, being the animal as experimental unit. The ZEA and the OA did not affect (p>0.05) dry matter intake, digestibility of dry matter and gross energy, metabolizable energy, digestible energy as well as digestible protein. The nitrogen balance was not modified (p > 0.05) by ZEA and OA. However, it influenced (p 0.05) the absorption of P in relation to the ingestion. The intake of 2 ppm of ZEA with or without addition of 0.3% of OA in diet does not affect the digestibility of diets and the metabolism of pigs

A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network

Science has a critical role to play in guiding more sustainable development trajectories. Here, we present the Sustainable Amazon Network (Rede Amazonia Sustentavel, RAS): a multidisciplinary research initiative involving more than 30 partner organizations working to assess both social and ecological dimensions of land-use sustainability in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The research approach adopted by RAS offers three advantages for addressing land-use sustainability problems: (i) the collection of synchronized and co-located ecological and socioeconomic data across broad gradients of past and present human use; (ii) a nested sampling design to aid comparison of ecological and socioeconomic conditions associated with different land uses across local, landscape and regional scales; and (iii) a strong engagement with a wide variety of actors and non-research institutions. Here, we elaborate on these key features, and identify the ways in which RAS can help in highlighting those problems in most urgent need of attention, and in guiding improvements in land-use sustainability in Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. We also discuss some of the practical lessons, limitations and realities faced during the development of the RAS initiative so far.Keywords: Social–ecological systems, Tropical forests, Land use, Interdisciplinary research, Sustainability, Trade-off

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Modelagem da ingestão, retenção e excreção de nitrogênio e fósforo pela suinocultura gaúcha

Um modelo estático, empírico e determinista da ingestão, retenção e excreção de Nitrogênio (N) e Fósforo (P) pela suinocultura gaúcha (MSUINP/RS) foi desenvolvido. Os princípios gerais foram baseados nos sistemas tecnológicos (ST), nas categorias animais, nas concentrações de N e P das dietas, nas eficiências digestiva e metabólica do N e P. O modelo integra três níveis de agregação, sendo constituído por dez compartimentos (N e P ingeridos, N e P do sistema gastrintestinal, N e P retidos, N e P fecais, N e P urinários), 300 sub-compartimentos (50 relacionados aos ST e 250 às categorias animais). Os ST foram definidos pelo número determinados por porca por ano. Os fluxos de N e P entre os compartimentos e as relações temporais de cada fase dentro das categorias animais seguiram modelos publicados. A ingestão e retenção total anual de N simuladas foram de 34 e 8 mil t, respectivamente. Enquanto as excreções fecal e urinária de N simuladas foram de 6 e 18 mil t, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 90% da ingestão, 98% da retenção e 85% da excreção do N estão nos sistemas de alta e média-alta tecnologias. A ingestão e retenção total anual de P simuladas foram de 8 e 2 mil t, respectivamente. Enquanto as excreções fecal e urinária de P simuladas foram de 5 e 1 mil t, respectivamente. O modelo desenvolvido é capaz de simular adequadamente os fluxos de N e P nos sistemas de tecnologias alta e média de produção suína no Rio Grande do Sul

Digestibilidade aparente da dieta e balanço do nitrogênio em suínos de diferentes grupos genéticos com ou sem restrição alimentar

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a digestibilidade aparente da dieta e o balanço do nitrogênio em suínos de diferentes grupos genéticos com ou sem restrição alimentar. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados de três linhagens híbridas comerciais (Agroceres, Dalland e Embrapa), com peso vivo médio inicial de 47,95kg e final de 52,11kg. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas mantidas em ambiente semi-climatizado. Foi utilizado um fatorial 3 x 2 (três linhagens híbridas comerciais com ou sem restrição alimentar), com quatro repetições cada, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. Os grupos genéticos e a restrição alimentar não influenciaram (P>0,05) a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da proteína bruta, do extrato etéreo e a metabolizibilidade da energia. No entanto, a restrição de 20% em relação à alimentação à vontade reduziu (P<0,05) em 20% a excreção urinária, 17% da excreção fecal e 19% da retenção de nitrogênio. Os grupos genéticos comerciais estudados apresentam digestibilidade, metabolização da energia e balanço do nitrogênio semelhantes. A restrição de 20% no consumo de ração não afeta a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a metabolização da energia

Digestibilidade e metabolismo de dietas de suínos contendo zearalenona com adição de organoaluminossilicato

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo zearalenona (ZEA) com e sem adição de organoaluminossilicato (OA). Foram utilizadas 12 leitoas com peso inicial de 12 kg, alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, controle + 2 ppm de ZEA e controle + 2 ppm de ZEA com adição de 0,3% de OA na dieta) e quatro repetições, com o animal como unidade experimental. A ZEA e o OA não influenciaram (p>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, metabolização da energia, proteína digestível e energias digestível e metabolizável das dietas. A ZEA e OA não alteraram o balanço do N (p>0,05), mas modificaram (p<0,05) a excreção fecal de P. Nas dietas contendo ZEA e ZEA+OA, a excreção fecal de P foi 15 e 10% menor do que no grupo controle. A ZEA e o OA não alteraram (p>0,05) a absorção de P em função da ingestão. O consumo de 2 ppm de ZEA com ou sem adição de 0,3% de OA não interfere na digestibilidade das dietas e no metabolismo dos suínos