ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY STUDY FOR THE NEWLY DEVELOPED NASAL NANOEMULSION IN SITU GEL OF ONDANSETRON HCl IN COMPARISON TO CONVENTIONALLY PREPARED IN SITU GEL AND INTRAVENOUS DOSAGES FORMS

Objective: The aim of the work was to study the absolute and relative bioavailability (using rabbits) of ondansetron HCl (ONH)from our newly prepared intranasal mucoadhesive nanoemulsion in situ gel (NIG) in comparison to intranasal mucoadhesive in situ gel (IG) prepared by the conventional method and intravenous injection.Methods: Six male rabbits weighing 2.5-3 kg were used in this study, where the dose of ondansetron HCl (ONH) was calculated based on the body surface area (BSA) which is equivalent to 140μl (containing 10 mg/ml) of NIG and IG and 700μl of intravenous Zofran® injection (containing 2 mg/ml) were given to the rabbits, separated with one week washout period. Serial blood samples were withdrawn and analyzed for simultaneous determination of the drug using HPLC (Knaure; 150 ×4.6 mm; 5 μm particle size; 25 cm length) supported by guard column C18-4 mm diameter.Results: The pharmacokinetics parameters for NIG; Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞were found to be greater than conventional in situ gel (IG). In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits showed a significant increase in Cmax and AUC 0-α(P<0.001) with shorter Tmaxusing NIG compared to IG containing the same NIG excipients, while the absolute bioavailability for NIG and IG (was 80.541 and 51.068 respectively).Conclusion: The present studies ratify the bioavailability enhancement potential of NE used to prepare NIG for the drug and significantly high absolute bioavailability to be used as a successful alternative route to the IV injection and improve patient compliance

PREPARATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF MONTELUKAST SODIUM ORAL NANOEMULSION

Objective: Oral nanoemulsion (NE) represent one of the newest technology to enhance intestinal drug permeability, bioavailability and facilitate swallowing of the oral dosage form. Methods: In this study, montelukast sodium (MS) nanoemulsions (NEs) were formulated by ultra-sonication using different surfactants (tween 20, tween 60 and tween 80) in different surfactant: co-surfactant (ethanol) ratios (Smix). The prepared NEs were evaluated for different parameters including droplet size (DS) using zetasizer as a function of ultra-sonication time, dispersibility, phase separation, conductivity, percent transmittance, optical transparency, in vitro release in addition to morphology using transmission electron microscopic (TEM). Results: The results revealed that F3 was the optimum formula having an average DS 32.95±2.8 nm after 5 min ultra-sonication assured by zetasizer and TEM, furthermore, a clear to bluish NE was formed after aqueous dilution with high conductivity (59.2±1.76 μs/cm) which indicated the formation of O/W NE. In addition, an optically clear NE was formed with (88.6±2.1) % transmittance with no sedimentation, creaming or separation after centrifugation signifying the formation of a stable NE. Finally, F3 showed faster dissolution rate (92.45%±1.66) after 30 min compared to other formulas. Conclusion: The net result of this study is the formulation of a stable oral NE containing MS which presents new easily swallowed dosage form that may enhance drug permeability as well as it may reduce drug metabolism leading to improving bioavailability for asthmatic patients

Effect of different mucoadhesive polymers on release of ondansetron HCl from intranasal mucoadhesive in situ gel

The aim of this work was to promote an intranasal mucoadhesive drug allocation system to simplify the systemic delivery of ondansetron HCL (OND-HCl) for the immediate and sustain prevention of repeated nausea and vomiting caused by the initial and repeated courses of anticancer therapy. An in situ gel dosage form was used to raise the permanence time and hence the absorption of OND-HCl from nasal mucosa. Temperature stimulated in situ gel formulations were intended by cold method using polymers like kolliphor 407, chitosan and HPMC E15. A mixture of polysorbate 20 and ethanol (1: 2 ratio) was used as solvent to dissolve the drug. The pH of in situ gel solution was measured to pH range (4.5-6.5). The six in situ gel formulas were characterized for gelation temperature, pH, viscosity, drug content, mucoadhesion and dissolution release .The temperatures of conversion of all the formulas solution to gel were within the range of 30–43ºC. The drug content of all six in situ gel formulas showed drug content uniformity (99.15–99.76%). Dissolution release of the drug from in situ gel formulas showed immediate and sustained release features with Higuchi model and zero order model mechanisms

Recent Trends in Chronopharmaceutics, Pulsatile Drug Delivery System

Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS) are getting considerable interest in delivering a drug at the correct position, at the correct time, and in the correct quantity, thus offering temporal, spatial, and intelligent delivery with improving patient compliance. These systems are   intended to meet body's biological rhythm. Here, the delivery of drugs is assisted by the rhythm of disease. The main reason for the using pulsatile drug release is when the continuous drug release is not required. A PDDS must be designed in such a way that after the lag time a complete and fast release of drugs is achieved. The article deals with various systems such as osmotic system, capsular system, single and multi-unit system based on the utilization of erodible or soluble polymer coating and using of rupturable membrane. These systems are favorable to drugs with chronopharmacological behaviors such as drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The current review paper focus on the causes for pulsatile drug delivery system design, types of illness requiring pulsatile release, classification, benefits, and restriction of this drug delivery system

Phytotherapy in sexual disorder: overview of the most important medicinal plants effective on sexual disorders

Sexual health is the result of the interaction of vascular, nervous and hormonal factors and is influenced by individual factors, interpersonal relationships, traditions governing family and society, culture and religion; these sexual disorders are one of the factors influencing marital life and it faces a challenge. The present study is a review of the most important medicinal plants effective on sexual disorders. In this study, a review of the key words "sexual function, sexual dysfunction, plant medicine, herbal medicine, treatment, fertility" was searched from Embase, Magiran, SID, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. For each herb, selected published clinical trial and review articles were used. Based on the obtained results, medicinal plants such as Tribulus terrestris, Pomegranate, Red clover Lavandula angustifolia, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Pelargonium, Melissa officinalis, Quercus brantii, Ginkgo biloba, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Crocus Sativus, Zingiber officinalis, Ros Damascena, Celery seed, Date, Fennel  and Carrot seed in clinical trials and Animal models are used to treat sexual disorders, Medicinal plants can effectively treat sexual disorders. Since hormone therapy has many side effects, increasing awareness of how herbs work on androgen, estrogen, and progesterone hormones and the sexual function of people will give us the knowledge that in couples' sexual dysfunctions, there are more choices for correction without using to have hormones with the aim of increasing the quality of life

Inactivation of the Ecs ABC Transporter of Staphylococcus aureus Attenuates Virulence by Altering Composition and Function of Bacterial Wall

Peer reviewe

A Particle Swarm Optimisation-trained Feedforward Neural Network for Predicting the Maximum Power Point of a Photovoltaic Array

Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researc

ENHANCE SOLUBILITY AND PROLONG RELEASE OF PROCHLORPERAZINE MALEATE USING FLOATING NANOEMULSION IN SITU GEL

Objective: The objective of this study was to prepare floating gastric in situ gel of prochlorperazine maleate (PM) using nanoemulsion technology to improve drug solubility, bioavailability, reduce dosing frequency, and patient compliance.Methods: Eight nanoemulsion formulas (F1–F8) of PM were prepared by ultrasonication method using oil, surfactants: cosurfactants (Smix) with different types, concentrations, and ratios, and deionized distilled water. The nanoemulsion formulas were characterized to select the optimum recipe from which six floating in situ gel formulas (floating nanoemulsion in situ [FNI] 1-FNI 6) were prepared using sodium alginate as gelling agent, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMCK) 4M as rate retarding polymer, calcium chloride as cross-linking agent, calcium carbonate as floating agent, and sodium citrate as buffering and neutralizing gastric acid. All FNI formulas were subjected for the evaluation to assess the formulations suitability concerning the dosage form and intended therapeutic purpose.Results: Formulation variables such as the concentration of sodium alginate, HPMCK 4M, calcium carbonate, and calcium chloride affected the gelling properties, formulation viscosity, floating behavior, and in vitro drug release. Formulation FNI 6 showed acceptable floating lag time (55±2.3 s) and >12 h floating duration time, and observe prolong release of the drug in in-situ gelling preparation.Conclusion: The prepared FNI formulas of PM could float in the gastric conditions and released the drug in a sustained manner. The present formulation was enhanced drug solubility with good retention properties and better patient compliance

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of influenza vaccine immunization among primary healthcare providers in Dubai health authority, 2016-2017

Background: Vaccination of healthcare providers (HCPs) against seasonal influenza has been consistently recommended worldwide. Despite that, healthcare providers (HCPs) globally and in other Middle Eastern countries continue to have a low rate of influenza vaccination due to various reasons. No data are available from our country, United Arab Emirates. Objectives: To identify the percentage of vaccinated HCPs, identify the most common reason for receiving the vaccine or not and to identify the level of HCPs knowledge towards the influenza vaccine itself. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, anonymous 18-item self-administered questionnaires were distributed among healthcare providers in the 11 primary healthcare centers of Dubai Health Authority over a period of 5 months. Results: Of the 431 participants who completed the questionnaires, 53.4% reported getting vaccinated. The difference in the vaccine uptake between the different professional categories was significant [P value < .000].The most common reason reported by HCPs for getting the vaccine was to protect themselves (94.8%). Of the 46.6% who did not accept the vaccine, the most common reason for not being vaccinated was their belief of not being at high risk to contract influenza (39.8%). Despite fairly good knowledge (63.3%), healthcare providers continue to have their reservations with regards to the yearly influenza vaccination. Conclusion: Although our HCPs attitude towards vaccine uptake, knowledge and practice were positive; the misconception about the vaccine remains the main reason for not being vaccinated as per our study findings. Overall, the study results raise hope of prospective increase in vaccination through educational and technical interventions and by increasing physician involvement. One suggested method would be to apply mandatory vaccination policies since voluntary vaccinations have shown lesser than satisfactory results and to be integrated in the online staff file system to be able to verify the uptake, in addition to provide easily accessible vaccine centers, during the season in order to facilitate tracking and verification of the vaccination status & to encourage staff compliance

Optimization of removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by magnetic nanocomposite from water samples using central composite design

The present study aimed to remove sulfonamide antibiotics from water samples using magnetic Fe3O4-bentonite nanocomposite (Fe3O4-Bt) as an adsorbent. The adsorbent has a surface area of 74.27 m2 g-1, a pore size of 87.53 nm, and a pore volume of 0.146 cm3 g-1. A central composite design (CCD) matrix was employed to model and optimize the process. The optimal conditions for removing sulfonamide antibiotics were determined using Fe3O4-Bt adsorbent at an antibiotic concentration of 20 mg L-1, the amount of nanoparticles of 0.23 g, pH of 6, and ultrasonication time of 17 min. The reusability study of the Fe3O4-Bt adsorbent showed that the Fe3O4-Bt could be used five times in adsorption/desorption processes. Also, applying the Fe3O4-Bt adsorbent on real samples revealed that Fe3O4-Bt adsorbent could remove sulfonamide antibiotics in the range of 86.85–97.47% with RSD (n = 5) < 4