Historical Acoustics: Relationships between People and Sound over Time

This book is a collection of contributions to the Special Issue “Historical Acoustics: Relationships between People and Sound over Time”. The research presented here aims to explore the origins of acoustics and examine the relationships that have evolved over the centuries between people and auditory phenomena. Sounds have indeed accompanied human civilizations since the beginning of time, helping them to make sense of the world and to shape their cultures. Several key topics emerged, such as the acoustics of historical worship buildings, the acoustics of sites of archaeological interest, the acoustics of historical opera houses, and the topic of soundscapes as cultural intangible heritage. The book, as a whole, reflects the vibrant research activity around the “acoustics of the past”, which will hopefully be serve as a foundation for inspiring the future path of this discipline

Adoption of ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 Protocols for Data Collection From Individuals in Soundscape Studies: an Overview of the Literature

Purpose of Review: The article reviews the literature on soundscape studies to analyse (i) which of the methods included in the Technical Specification (TS) 12913-2:2018 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for collecting soundscape data from individuals are predominantly used in scientific research and (ii) what is the level of compliance with ISO recommendations of the methods employed in scientific research. // Recent Findings: The ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 provide three possible protocols for individuals’ soundscape data collection (Methods A, B, and C). Despite standardization efforts, a reference method has yet to be identified to improve comparability amongst studies and the formation of scientific evidence. // Summary: The analysis of 50 peer-reviewed papers published from 2018 (year of release of ISO/TS 12913-2) showed that Method A is the prevalent one, adopted by 94.4% of the identified studies. Full compliance with ISO technical specification recommendations is in any case quite limited, and almost no study is strictly adhering to them. Attributes are not always suitable to cover all the acoustic contexts (e.g. indoor environments). This is an indicator that the field is still developing, but it also signals that technical specification recommendations leave room for ambiguity or are not always implementable. This study is ultimately intended to offer recommendations on future development of the protocols in the standardization process

The Sounds Around Us in Cities and Buildings

Sound surrounds us every day, whether we are inside buildings or moving around our cities. But what is “sound” and what is “noise?” What effects can arise from exposure to one or the other? This article will introduce the complex and fascinating world of sound, highlighting the opportunities that acoustic scientists have to reduce noise pollution and to design cities and buildings that sound good to our ears, to improve people’s health and wellbeing

Urban sound planning in Brighton and Hove

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Defining acoustical heritage: A qualitative approach based on expert interviews

The interdisciplinary study of acoustics/sound and heritage occurs in different countries and cultures, but there is no uniform consensus on the terminology and definitions of the field. This study aims to explore the definition of acoustical heritage. The study used structured interviews with experts from different cultures and different disciplines and analyzed the interview data in detail through thematic analysis. The five themes are: different terminology, subjects in acoustical heritage, possible categories of acoustical heritage, value of acoustical heritage, and challenges of acoustical heritage preservation. Based on individual definitions of acoustical heritage proposed by experts and through detailed analysis and discussion, this paper proposes a multidimensional definition of acoustical heritage

Smells, well-being and the built environment

In this Research Topic, we aimed to collect a range of contributions to understand the emotional and wellbeing responses resulting from smells in different public spaces (museums, highstreets, heritage buildings, food districts, neighborhoods, squares, etc.) to inform future spatial design and management. The articles in this Research Topic are presented according to three types of contributions: reviews and conceptual analyses, empirical research in fieldwork, in laboratory studies and technological applications. Reviews and Conceptual Analyses Xiao et al. reviewed smellscape research studies conducted in the past 10 years to identify the challenges and related areas of future research, namely smell archives and databases, social justice within odor control and management, and research into advanced building materials. Spence reviewed the changing role of smells in the built environment from negative associations with sanitation to meaningful personal and cultural associations with memories and experiences which led to an evaluation of different approaches in examining the impact of smells on people's mood or wellbeing and the challenges of researching smells in the multi-sensory environment. Moving from the sick building sydrome to sick transport sydrome, Spence further reviewed the smells in transport environments as aesthetic and functional, and suggests challenges for future transportation to produce a more tangible vision to integrate smells in the design process to achieve the right balance of olfactory stimulation. Looking backwards to scented past, Bembibre and Strlič make the case for the need of knowledge exchange and interdisciplinary interpretation of findings in the field of olfactory heritage, providing an overview of methodological and museal studies as well as challenges associated with historical scent reconstruction. Empirical Research - Fieldwork Pálsdóttir et al. carried out a field study with participants suffering from stress-related mental disorders and explored how they would describe their smellscape perception of a garden in the context of a nature-based rehabilitation intervention. In a different field study, de Groot investigated whether ambient scents could affect customers' subjective experience and spending behavior in an experiment with customers of a second-hand clothing store. The author concluded that for that to happen, the smellscape should have a meaningful link to the physical context. Masaoka et al. present the results of a study conducted to examine whether continuous odor stimuli associated with autobiographical memories could activate olfactory areas in the brain of older adults and assess whether this odor stimulation could have a protective effect against age-related cognitive decline. Empirical Research - Laboratory Studies and Technological Applications Masaoka et al. investigated the potential protective effect from age-related cognitive decline of continuous odor stimuli associated with autobiographical memories and whether those could activate the above olfactory areas in older adults. Jiang et al. used blood pressure, pulse rate, EEG, POMS, and SD data to examine the odor-visual effects of the Primula forbesii Franch compared with the non-fragrant Primula malacoides Franch on the physiological and psychological state of Chinese female college students in the indoor environment. Courrèges et al. examined the correlations between odor and texture in users' perceptions of cosmetic creams cross-culturally, in laboratory conditions, using questionnaires, minimizing the impacts of branded messages from the packing and retail spaces. Amores et al. discussed the design and technical implementation of Essence- a smartphone-controlled wearable device that monitors users' EEG and real-time sleep staging algorithm to release scents to interact with users- in home-based sleep environments. The articles included in this Research Topic represent a nice balance between the theoretical reviews, empirical studies and laboratory research, showing the vibrance and dynamic in this research field as well as new technological developments such as extended reality, emotional sensors (i.e. EEG, GSR) and odor monitoring devices. New insights are drawn into the theoretical frameworks to understand relationships between smells, wellbeing and emotions, behaviors and physiological aspects; methodological approaches to measure smell triggered emotions, experiences, and quality of life; practical explorations on the process and challenges of using smells to influence user experiences in the built environment

How to analyse and represent quantitative soundscape data

This study first examines the methods presented in ISO 12913 for analysing and representing soundscape data by applying them to a large existing database of soundscape assessments. The key issue identified is the inability of the standard methods to summarise the soundscape of locations and groups. The presented solution inherently considers the variety of responses within a group and provides an open-source visualisation tool to facilitate a nuanced approach to soundscape assessment and design. Several demonstrations of the soundscape distribution of urban spaces are presented, along with proposals for how this approach can be used and developed

Can attitude towards greenery improve road traffic noise perception? A case study of a highly-noise exposed cycling path

This study was based on an on-site survey along a highly noise exposed cycling path immersed in the green, in close proximity of Antwerp Ring Road in Belgium. The survey was held at 181 passers-by during a working week in September 2017. The survey included questions about overall cycling/walking experience, perceived loudness of road traffic noise, soundscape appreciation, perceived dominance of sound sources, and overall attitude towards greenery’s potential to reduce noise and improve air quality. A k-means cluster analysis was performed on the scores of the attitude towards greenery (ATG) questions to create an ATG variable reflecting two profiles of users: “positive” and “sceptical” towards greenery’s potential. The effect of AT G on overall cycling/walking experience, perceived loudness of road traffic noise, soundscape appreciation and perceived dominance of sound sources was tested through a set of independent samples t-tests. Results show statistically significant differences between the positive and the sceptical group for the dimensions of annoyance and calmness, perceived loudness of road traffic noise and perceived dominance of road traffic sounds and natural sounds. However, no difference was observed for the two groups in terms of overall cycling/walking experience , suggesting that, for the investigated case, other factors might be playing a role

Influence of personal factors on sound perception and overall experience in urban green areas : a case study of a cycling path highly exposed to road traffic noise

In contemporary urban design, green public areas play a vital role. They have great societal value, but if exposed to undue environmental noise their restorative potential might be compromised. On the other hand, research has shown that the presence of greenery can moderate noise annoyance in areas with high sound levels, while personal factors are expected to play an important role too. A cycling path bordered by vegetation, but highly exposed to road traffic noise, was here considered as a case study. A sound perception survey was submitted to participants on site and they were subsequently sorted into groups according to their noise sensitivity, visual attention and attitude towards greenery. The aim of this study was testing whether these three personal factors could affect their noise perception and overall experience of the place. Results showed that people highly sensitive to noise and more sceptical towards greenery's potential as an environmental moderator reported worse soundscape quality, while visually attentive people reported better quality. These three personal factors were found to be statistically independent. This study shows that several person-related factors impact the assessment of the sound environment in green areas. Although the majority of the respondents benefit from the presence of visual green, policy-makers and planners should be aware that for a significant subset of the population, it should be accompanied by a tranquil soundscape to be fully appreciated