How Production Based and Consumption Based Emissions Accounting Systems Change Climate Policy Analysis: The Case of CO2 Convergence

Much of the existing research analyses on emissions and climate policy are dominantly based on emissions data provided by production-based accounting (PBA) system. However, PBA provides an incomplete picture of driving forces behind these emission changes and impact of global trade on emissions, simply by neglecting the environmental impacts of consumption. To remedy this problem, it is proposed to calculate national emissions based on consumption-based accounting (CBA) system. In this article we question the relevance of PBA’s dominance. To this end, we, firstly, try to assess and compare PBA with CBA adopted in greenhouse gas emissions accounting systems in climate change debates on several issues and to discuss the policy implications of the choice of approach. Secondly, we investigate the convergence patterns in production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions in 35 Annex-B countries for the period between 1990 and 2015. This study, for the first time, puts all these arguments together and discusses possible outcomes of convergence analysis by employing both the production and consumption based CO2 per capita emissions data. The empirical results found some important conclusions which challenge most of the existing CO2 convergence studies

How Production Based and Consumption Based Emissions Accounting Systems Change Climate Policy Analysis: The Case of CO2 Convergence

Much of the existing research analyses on emissions and climate policy are dominantly based on emissions data provided by production-based accounting (PBA) system. However, PBA provides an incomplete picture of driving forces behind these emission changes and impact of global trade on emissions, simply by neglecting the environmental impacts of consumption. To remedy this problem, it is proposed to calculate national emissions based on consumption-based accounting (CBA) system. In this article we question the relevance of PBA’s dominance. To this end, we, firstly, try to assess and compare PBA with CBA adopted in greenhouse gas emissions accounting systems in climate change debates on several issues and to discuss the policy implications of the choice of approach. Secondly, we investigate the convergence patterns in production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions in 35 Annex-B countries for the period between 1990 and 2015. This study, for the first time, puts all these arguments together and discusses possible outcomes of convergence analysis by employing both the production and consumption based CO2 per capita emissions data. The empirical results found some important conclusions which challenge most of the existing CO2 convergence studies

The determinants of economic development: An empirical analysis

Neden bazı ülkelerin diğerlerinden daha hızlı geliştiği sorusu modern ekonomik kalkınma literatürünün en önemli tartışma konularından biridir. Bazı araştırmacılar, bu sorunun yanıtını coğrafya ve dışa açıklık ile açıklamaya çalışırken, diğerleri ülkeler arası kurumsal kalite farklılıkları ile açıklamaya çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise, bahsi geçen faktörler ile ekonomik kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiyi saptamak ve kurumsal kalitedeki iyileşmelerin ekonomik kalkınmayı artıracağı hipotezini test etmektir. Bu doğrultuda, ilk olarak, coğrafya, dışa açıklık ve kurumsal kalite ile ekonomik kalkınma arasındaki ilişki teorik olarak incelenmiş, ardından kurumsal kalitenin ekonomik kalkınma üzerindeki etkisi 122 ülke için 1996-2012 yılları arasını kapsayan dönemde panel veri yöntemi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, kurumsal kalitenin ekonomik kalkınma üzerindeki etkisinin pozitif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı olduğunu göstermekte ve hipotezimizi doğrulamaktadır.The question of why development of some countries is faster than others is one of the most debated issues in the modern economic development literature. While some researchers try to explain this phenomenon with geography and trade openness, others point out differences in institutional quality across countries. This study aims to determine the relationship between the above-mentioned factors and economic development; and to test the hypothesis that improvements in institutional quality increase economic development. For this purpose, first of all, the relationship between geography, trade openness, institutional quality and economic development has been examined theoretically, then the impact of institutional quality on economic development has been analyzed for 122 countries using the panel data analysis for the period of 1996-2012. The results have confirmed our hypothesis and revealed that the effect of institutional quality on economic development is statistically significant and positive

Financial inclusion in Turkey: unpacking the provincial inequality and its determinants

This paper investigates the regional disparity of financial inclusion (FI) and its determinants in Turkey from 2004 to 2020. To this end, we first construct an FI index using the principal component analysis. Then, based on the club convergence approach, we test the existence of convergence to show regional disparities in FI. Finally, we examine the main determinants of provincial disparity using ordered logit models. The convergence results strongly reject the full-panel convergence, indicating a regional disparity in FI. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that financial inclusion positively correlates with population, income, and income inequality, while unemployment hinders inclusion. Overall, our results imply that policies focusing on digital financial services, increasing financial literacy, and reducing unemployment should significantly diminish regional disparities and improve FI