PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM, TECTONE GRANDIS AND HEVEA BRACILLIENSI TREES

The roots, barks, seeds and leaves of Techtona grandis, Gliricidial sepium and Hevea bracilliensis were analyzed for their photochemical components (carbohydrate (sugar), tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponnins, sterol and flavonoids). Each plant parts were extracted by soaking in water, ethanol and carbon tetrachloride for 36h. The crude extracts obtained were analyzed for their components using standard methods. Results revealed in water, indications of presence of tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponnins, flavonoids and carbohydrate (sugar), sterol was absent. In ethanol extract, only phlobatannins was present in all the samples except in seeds of teak, saponnins was absent in all the samples and all other components were sparsely present. Finally, in carbon tetrachloride extract, phlobatannins, glycoside, flavonoids and carbohydrate (sugar) were absent. The results indicated that water extracts of these trees could be used as natural products for local therapeutic application

Antibiotic resistance profile and phenotypic detection of beta-lactamase-producers among gram-negative bacteria isolated from the gut of household cockroaches in and around University Of Ibadan

Background: Cockroaches are carriers of numerous microorganisms. However, there is paucity of information on their role as potential reservoir for beta-lactamase  producers.Objectives: This research determined the antibiotics susceptibility profile of Beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the gut of  household cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan, Oyo state.Materials and Methods: Thirty Cockroaches from different locations in and around University of Ibadan were collected between June 2015 and March, 2016, and their intestinal homogenates cultured on different selective media for the isolation of  bacteria. The isolates were identified using a combination of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the  disc-diffusion technique and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum  beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC-beta-lactamase (AmpC) and Metallo- beta-lactamase (MBL) production was done using double-disc synergy,  cefoxitin/cloxacillin and imipenem/EDTA double-disc methods respectively.Results: A total number of 58 bacteria belonging to nine genera; Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Serratia, Shigella and Raoultella were isolated. Higher percentage of the isolates exhibited resistance to  erythromycin (90%), azithromycin (87.5%), amoxicillin (84.5%), ampicillin  (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (74.1%), cefoxitin (67.2%) and  chloramphenicol (54%), while lower percentage showed resistance to aztreonam (25%), ertapenem (13%), cefotaxime (8.6%), ceftazidime (10.3%), cefepime (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (3.5%), gentamicin (5.2%) and imipenem (0%). MDR  phenotype was recorded among 82% of the isolates, 17.2% were positive for ESBL, 12% for AmpC and 13.8% for MBL production.Conclusion: This study identified household cockroaches Periplaneta americana, as a potential reservoir for MDR and beta-lactamase-producing isolates.Keywords: Susceptibility testing, ESBL, AmpC, MBL, Beta-Lactamase, MDR, Household cockroache

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum β–lactamase producers among bacteria isolated from infected wounds in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan City

Wound colonization by microorganisms is most frequently polymicrobial and incidences of high level resistance among bacterial isolates from wounds have been reported. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria both constitute serious challenge to physician in their choice of antibiotic treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. This study determined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and prevalence of MRSA and ESBL producers among wound bacterial isolates from a tertiary hospital in Ibadan City.Forty (40) clinical bacterial isolates from five wound sources were collected from the Microbiology unit of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan and were authenticated with standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc-diffusion method using 19 antibiotics belonging to 12 classes. MRSA strains were detected by their resistance to cefoxitin and/or oxacillin antibiotics. Presumptive ESBL production was by double-disc synergy test using 30 μg cefotaxime and ceftazidime around 20/10 μg amoxicillin-clavulanic acid discs. ESBL confirmation was by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar-dilution method.The authenticated isolates include Proteus spp (47.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (27.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%), Klebsiella spp (7.5%), Acinetobacter baumanii (2.5%) and E. coli (2.5%). Distribution of the isolates collected according to wound sources includes: acute soft tissue wounds (35%), leg ulcer (32.5%), surgical wounds (17.5%), burn wounds (12.5%) and diabetic foot ulcer (2.5%). Distributions according to patients’ gender are: male (65%), female (35%), and according to age-groups are: 0 – 19 years (22.5%), 20 – 39 years (35%), 40 – 59 years (32.5%) and ≥ 60 years (10%). All (100%) the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) being resistant to ≥ 3 classes of antibiotics. Percentages of isolates resistance to each of the antibiotic include: piperacillin, piperacillin tozobactam and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were 100%, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, aztreonam, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and doxycyclin were > 70%, cefoxitin (62.5%), Nitrofurantion (52.5%), ciprofloxacin (45%), ofloxacin (35%), perfloxacin (37.5%), gentamicin (32.5%) and imipenem (2.5%). Of the 11 Staphylococcus aureus collected, 54.5% were detected to be MRSA strains while ESBL production was detected in 55.2% of the Gram negative isolates.This study revealed 100% MDR phenotype constituting high level of MRSA strains (54.5%) and ESBL producers (55.2%) among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial wound isolates respectively. Hence, this calls for caution in the use of extended spectrum antibiotics in treating patients with infected wounds

Bioactive constituents and antibacterial screening of two Nigerian plant extracts against selected clinical bacteria

Background: The growing desires to combat antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria necessitate the need to search for new antimicrobials agents from other sources such as plants. Objectives: The present study investigated the antibacterial activities and bioactive components of Nymphaea lotus and Spondias mombin against selected clinical bacteria Material and Methods: Extracts of N. lotus and S. mombin were prepared by 72 hours maceration in 70% methanol. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundi and, Klebsiella oxytoca against the two extracts was carried out by disk diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) was by agar-well dilution and broth dilution method, respectively. The bioactive compounds of the plants were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: Extracts of N. lotus showed better antimicrobial activities than S. mombin against all the clinical bacterial isolates with an MIC range of 3.13 – >12.5mg/mL compared to S. mombin with MIC range of 6.25 – >12.5mg/mL. The GC-MS results revealed the presence of 21 and 25 compounds for N. lotus and S. mombin  respectively. Benzoic acid derivatives were in abundance in both plants with  approximately 71.5% and 82.1% in N. lotus and S. mombin respectively.  Conclusions: The findings from this study provided further evidence on their ethno-botanical claims and additional information on the potentials of the studied plants as effective medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity against clinical bacteria. This highlights the need for continuous exploration of medicinal plants for novel  compounds with better antimicrobial property as option for the treatment of resistant bacterial infection Keywords: Nymphaea lotus, Spondias mombin, Bioactive components, Antimicrobial

Prevalence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia amongst community-dwelling men in a South-Western Nigerian rural setting: A cross-sectional study

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and correlates International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), peak/maximum flow rate (Qmax), quality of life (QoL) score and prostate volume (PV) amongst male adults in a rural setting in Nigeria.Subjects and methods: This is a community-based cross-sectional survey conducted amongst 615 men. Subjects selected using multi-staged sampling technique were interviewed for presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in their houses. Severity of symptoms was assessed using International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. Digital rectal examination (DRE), uroflowmetry and prostate scan were carried out in nearby primary health centres. Criteria for diagnosis of BPH were prostatic volume ≥ 30 cm3 with moderate/severe LUTS and/or Qmax < 15 mL. Relationships between variables were determined using Pearson’s Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: The overall prevalence of LUTS was 57.4% while 28.5% had moderate-to-severe IPSS with averagescore of 12.3 ± 5.2. More than half (56.1%) reported impaired QoL with average score of 3.4 ± 1.3. TheDRE and ultrasound prevalences of enlarged prostate were 68.3% and 64.9% respectively. About 29% hadabnormal Qmax. Both QoL and Qmax had significant relationship with IPSS (p < 0.001) while none existsbetween prostate size and IPSS (p = 0.339). The overall prevalence of BPH was 237 per 1000 men (23.7%).The age-specific prevalence rates increased from 104 per 1000 men in the fifth decade to 429 per 1000 in men >90 years.Conclusion: The burden of clinical BPH is very high amongst Nigerian men and the prevalence increaseswith age. There is need for more public awareness because of the significant impairment in the QoLassociated with BPH symptoms.Keywords: BPH; Community-dwelling men; IPSS; LUTS; Prevalenc

Prevalence of snoring and symptoms of sleep disordered breathing among primary school pupils in Ilorin, Nigeria

Background/Aim: Snoring is the production of sound from the upper aero-digestive tract during sleep due to turbulent airflow This study is to determine the prevalence, pattern, night and daytime symptoms of snoring among nursery and primary school pupils in Ilorin, Nigeria due to its public health importance. Materials and methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out among nursery /primary school pupils in Ilorin, Kwara state between April and September, 2010. Ten schools were selected randomly from 100 schools sited within the 3LGAs of Ilorin municipality. Also private and public schools with different parental social economic status were selected. The pupils were selected from nursery 2 to primary 6 in each school using the class registers with the aid of a table of random numbers with 1500 children assessed. The parents/guardians were made to fill the questionnaires and same returned with visitations to the schools twice weekly and reminders sent via phone calls. Data were analyzed using EPIINFO 2002 version 2 software. Results: 1500 questionnaires were given out but 909 were completely filled and returned (response rate of 61%.). There were 598(65.8%) non snorers (NSn) and 311(34.2%) snorers (Sn) at different scales with 153 male snorers to 158 female snorers. The ages of the children ranges from 3 to 16 years (mean � SD, 8.3 � 4.8 years. The mean age for the Sn was 8.2 and 8.3 for NSn (range 3–6 years). No statistical difference in age, gender or socio-economic status between Sn and NSn. 598(65.8%) were non snorers (NSn) and 311(34.2%) were snorers (Sn) especially in the age groups 3–6 years, 121(38.9%) and above 6 years of age 101(32.7%) and below 3 years were 89(28%). Conclusion: Snoring is an important health problem among the pupils as a significant percentage snores and most of them are between third and sixth year of lif

Fuzzy Logic-based Data Controlled Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol for Flood Early Warning

Floods account for 15% of all natural disasters related deaths. Therefore, early flood warning systems using wireless network of sensors installed in flood prone areas is necessary to provide early notice of impending flood. This research focuses on the use of an energy efficient routing protocol to prolong the life time of the Network. The importance of this is to minimize energy consumption as necessary for reliable field operations. It adopts the use of mandami Fuzzy logic-based data controlled routing protocol (F-DCRP).Simulation was carried out for the F-DCRP, LEACH and Crisp Data controlled routing protocol (DCRP). The performance of the three protocols were obtained and compared. The result showed that Cluster head (CH) load was better shared uniformly among all the nodes. Percentage of packets dropped showed that the proposed F-DCRP was 10% lower compared to DCRP and 50% lower compared to LEACH resulting in more packets sent per round and greater reliability compared to LEACH and DCRP. The network lifetime was also improved by 40 % when compared to LEACH and DCRP

Serum Protein Binding and the Antimicrobial Activities of Garcinia Kola, Kola Acuminata and Kola Nitida Seed Extracts on the Agents of Respiratory Tract Infections

The kinetics of bactericidal activity of the methanolic extracts of powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida obtained by soxhlet extraction, were studied using two bacterial sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the three extracts at the concentrations used against the two test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus OOUTH206 (0.5mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 4mg/ml for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH189 (8mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 15mg/ml for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida); had activity on the two microorganisms. There was a gradual reduction in the number of viable microbial counts as evident in the reduction in the cell number at the different time intervals. Similar procedure was carried out in the presence of 5% serum protein and it was observed that the activities of the various extracts were altered significantly indicating the effect of serum protein binding on the constituents of Garcinia kola, Kola acuminata and Kola nitida seed extracts. The results were expressed in percentage viable count of the inoculum size and showed that the percentage viable count decreases with time in varying degrees. The reduction was more intense with G. kola extract than the other extracts on S. aureus as well as on P. aeruginosa towards the third and fourth hours. The effect of serum protein was seen to affect the activities of all the extracts in varying degrees as shown in the graphs plotted.Key words:  Garcinia kola, Kola acuminata, Kola nitida, methanolic extracts, respiratory tract infections, serum proteins.

Multidrug resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Proteus mirabilis from tertiary hospitals in four states in southwest Nigeria

Background: Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria pose great threat to antibiotic treatment of life threatening infections worldwide.Objectives: This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of MDR and ESBL producing Proteus mirabilis among clinical isolates collected from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria.Materials and Methods: One hundred and eight (108) none-duplicated P. mirabilis collected from microbiology units of tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria namely; Oyo, Osun, Ogun and Lagos state, after authentication with standard bacteriological method, were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against ten selected antibiotics using disc-diffusion method. Presumptive  production of ESBL was determined by double disc synergy test among isolates with MDR phenotype that showed resistance to any of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotics.Results: Of the 108 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis collected from Oyo (39.8%), Osun (25.9%), Ogun (21.3%) and Lagos (13%) states, 60 (55.6%) showed MDR phenotype. Among the 60 MDR isolates collected in Oyo (50%), Lagos (10%), Ogun (21.7%) and Osun (18.3%), 66.7%, 66.7%, 30.8% and 9.1% of the isolates produced ESBL, respectively.Conclusion: This study recorded the occurrence of ESBL and MDR P. mirabilis in all the four states but higher percentage of ESBL-production among MDR P. mirabilis in two of the states, Oyo and Lagos. Hence, there is need for adequate monitoring of antibiotic use to prevent increased rate of ESBL-positive MDR P. mirabilis in these states and others in the nearest future.Keywords: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Multidrug resistant Proteus mirabilis, phenotypic screening, Tertiary hospita

Family support and blood pressure pattern in adult patients attending Baptist Medical Centre, Saki

Background: Hypertension has been reported to be a major problem of the black race. Hypertension has a high impact on the economy and quality of life of individuals with important implications for resource expenditures. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide but awareness, treatment and control rates are very poor. Hence, this study aimed to determine the pattern of hypertension and level of family support among adult patients at Baptist Medical Centre Saki, with the aim of improving their management with family involvement.Methods: Two hundred and fifty four adult patients aged 18 years and above were recruited into the descriptive cross sectional study through a systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and family APGAR questionnaire. The diagnosis of hypertension was based on blood pressure (BP) threshold of 140/90 mmHg according to JNC VII guidelines definitions. Data was analyzed using Stata statistical software (Version 10).Results: The mean age and BP of the participants were 40.5±13.4 years and 131/84 mmHg respectively. Of the participants, (21.3%) had a BP of greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg. Only 21.7% of respondents had good knowledge and awareness of hypertension. Majority, 76.8% of respondents had good family support while most of the respondents with poor to fair family support had stages I and II hypertension. Hypertension was significantly associated with age, obesity, family history of obesity and hypertension, consumption of stimulants, educational level and socio economic class.Conclusions: This study showed that hypertension is still prevalent in the primary care population. Family involvement in the management is very important to the family physician to be able to care adequately for the varied patients seen in clinical practice.Keywords: Hypertension, Family Support, Awareness, Control, Family Physicia