Role of leptin, Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in the occurrence of atherosclerosis: New insights into the mechanism of obesity-induced atherosclerosis

Background and aim: The most widespread pathological condition of peripherals and coronary artery disorders, as well as of cerebellar problems, is atherosclerosis (AS). Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder world wide and is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are released by adipose tissue, which is a tissue that is found throughout the body and is considered an important endocrine system, these are essential for the control of immunological and energy responses. Methods:A case-control study was used in the design of the current investigation. 100 male participants, comprising 60 atherosclerosis individuals, 30 obese patients, 30 normal weight patients, and 40 healthy people, 20 of whom were obese and 20 of whom were of normal weight. Age between(40-65). This work was done between November/2022 and May/2023. Patient from the Karbala Center for Cardiac Disease and Surgery. A 3 ml sample of venous blood was obtained from patients and was healthy. In addition, some information was taken from each person(age,height,weight). Results:There has been a significant increase in concentrations of each one of the hormones (Leptin, PAI-1) in all groups when compared with non obese control. Conclusion:leptin and PAI-1 plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis in obese individuals. A person's risk of developing atherosclerosis increases with rising body mass index. It was discovered that the hormone Leptin, which regulates metabolism, is rising, which might be an indicator that the metabolic problem in obese people is becoming more common

Evaluation of some Biomarkers Adiponectin, Troponin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) for Atherosclerosis Obese and non-obese patients and related with oxidation, antioxidation parameters in Kerbala Governorate

Background: The most widespread pathological condition of peripherals, coronary artery disorders, and of cerebellar problems, is atherosclerosis (AS). Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin is a "adipokine" that is mostly formed by adipose tissue. Adiponectin levels are low and have limited capacity to control inflammatory reactions in obese individuals. Troponin releases into the circulation when myocytes are injured. Oxidative stress (OS) refers to a series of actions that frequently initiates and follows molecular/cellular pathogenic events that cause a number of human illnesses, such as atherosclerosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) plasma levels indicate the degree of lipid peroxidation, additionally the severity of OS. Antioxidant is a molecule that is capable of “neutralizing” the oxidation of reactive oxidant species (ROS) before they react with cellular biomolecules and change their structure function. Methods: A case-control study was used in the design of the study. 100 male participants, comprising 60 atherosclerosis individuals, 30 obese patients, 30 normal weight patients, and 40 healthy people, 20 of whom were obese and 20 of whom were of normal weight. Age between (40-65). Results: The result demonstrated a very high significant decrease in the concentration of adiponectin (p≤0.001) in both atherosclerosis obese and normal patients groups as compared to control normal groups. Also showed a highly significant increase (p≤0.001) in the concentration of Troponin I in atherosclerosis obese, normal patients’ groups as compared to control obese and normal groups. Additionally found a highly significant increase (p≤0.001) in the concentration of C-reactive protein in all study groups (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, and control obese) as compared to control normal. Also found a highly significant increase (p≤0.001) in the concentration of (MDA) in all study groups as compared to the normal control, the highest increase was in the atherosclerosis obese patient group. TAOC showed a highly significant decrease (p≤0.001) in all study groups, the highest decrease found in athero obese and control obese as compared to control normal. Conclusion: Adiponectin plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis in obese individuals. A person with an increased body mass index is more susceptible to development of atherosclerosis. The end result of lipid peroxidation, increased MDA concentration, indicates that the rate of oxidative stress is high. Decrease in concentration of TAOC in all obese groupings, which means increased body mass index leads to decreased antioxidant