Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p>scle and diaphragm of a normal (A) or an affected dog (B, C) at adolescent (2 or 4 months old) or adult stages (10 or 11 months old). The numbers under the ages show total fibers examined. MHC expression between two groups (normal, dMHC (-) affected, dMHC (-); affected, dMHC (-) affected, dMHC (+)), between muscles (TC muscle diaphragm), or among ages (2, 4, and 10 or 11 months) was analyzed by Yates's chi-square test. Significant differences (< 0.05) were detected in all tests, except for no significant differences between 4 and 10 months old in normal TC muscles or diaphragms. Note that slow MHC fibers were consistently larger than other fibers, in populations of muscle fibers without developmental MHC of affected diaphragms. In populations of muscle fibers co-expressing developmental MHC and other MHC isoform(s), slow MHC and hybrid fibers were increased markedly in the affected diaphragm at 4 and 11 months old, unlike TC muscles

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p>sitive fiber. Furthermore, fast (white), hybrid (gray), or slow MHC myofibers (black) were analyzed among populations of muscle fibers with non-expression of developmental MHC (A, B) or with expression of developmental MHC (C) in terms of fiber numbers (see Table 1) and fiber sizes (A-C). Note that larger sizes of slow MHC fibers were noticeable in populations of muscle fibers expressing fast and/or slow MHC(s) but not developmental MHC of affected muscles (B)

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p>otein were separated on 8% SDS-polyacrylamide gels containing 30% glycerol. Four MHC isoforms (I, IIX, IIA, and embryonic) were detected. NTC: normal TC muscle at 1 year old. Note that MHC type I increased in the affected diaphragm after 6 months old. (B) Quantitative analysis of MHC isoforms. MHC expression between two groups (normal affected) or among ages (1, 2, 4, 6 months and 1 year) was analyzed by Yates's chi-square test. Significant differences (< 0.05) were detected between normal and affected groups in TC muscles after 2 months old or in diaphragms after 4 months old, and between 1 and 2 months old in normal TC muscles

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p>sitive fiber. Furthermore, fast (white), hybrid (gray), or slow MHC myofibers (black) were analyzed among populations of muscle fibers with non-expression of developmental MHC (A, B) or with expression of developmental MHC (C) in terms of fiber numbers (see Table 1) and fiber sizes (A-C). Note that larger sizes of slow MHC fibers were noticeable in populations of muscle fibers expressing fast and/or slow MHC(s) but not developmental MHC of affected muscles (B)

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p

Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle-7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dystrophin deficiency in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD) alters myosin heavy chain expression profiles in the diaphragm more markedly than in the tibialis cranialis muscle"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/1</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():1-1.</p><p>Published online 9 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2257929.</p><p></p

Spatially normalized CSD maps of the EmoFH condition averaged across 16 subjects.

<p>Each column shows the brain surface electric activity at a given time point. Each row shows the view from the back, bottom, left, and right.</p

Experimental procedures.

<p>During the measurements, participants were asked to gaze at the fixation point in the center of the screen (+). First, a picture of a face either with or without expression (emotion task), or a face or picture of a hand (categorization task) was randomly presented for 700 ms. Next, a blank screen appeared for 300 ms and was followed by a “Go” signal. Then the participants had to indicate whether the face was with or without expression (or whether the picture was a face or hand) by pressing pre-assigned button 1 or 2 using the right hand. Finally, a blank screen was presented for a random time interval (1000 ms±300 ms). Then the next trial started. The assignment of the response buttons (1 or 2) was counterbalanced across participants. The photographs in the figure are not the original images used in the study, but similar images used for illustrative purposes only. The subject of the photographs has given informed consent to publication, as outlined in the PLOS consent form.</p