Comparison of the Predictive Values of CKD in Each Surrogate Maker of Obesity.

<p>a Adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol drinking behavior, regular exercise, hypertension, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, urine occult blood, hemoglobin and preserved eGFR at baseline. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Definitions of these confounding factors are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088873#pone-0088873-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p><p>CI, confidence interval; Q1, lowest quartiles; Q2, second quartiles; Q3, third quartiles; Q4, highest quartiles.</p

Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants^a,b.

<p>a Data are expressed as n (%).</p><p>b Definitions of these confounding factors are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088873#pone-0088873-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p><p>WheiR, waist to height ratio; Q1, lowest quartiles; Q2, second quartiles; Q3, third quartiles; Q4, quartiles; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p

Definitions of potential confounders selected from clinical variables and lifestyle factors associated with CKD.

<p>HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate</p

Incidence of CKD in Relation to Quartiles of Waist to height ratio (WheiR) Stratified by Gender.

<p>a Adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol drinking behavior, regular exercise, hypertension, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, urine occult blood, hemoglobin and preserved eGFR at baseline.</p><p>b (model 3) Adjusted for model 2 plus body mass index. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Definitions of these confounding factors are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088873#pone-0088873-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p><p>WheiR, waist to height ratio; CI, confidence interval; Q1, lowest quartiles; Q2, second quartiles; Q3, third quartiles; Q4, highest quartiles</p

Incidence of CKD in Relation to Quartiles of Waist to height ratio (WheiR).

<p>a (model 2) Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol drinking behavior, regular exercise, hypertension, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, urine occult blood, hemoglobin and preserved eGFR at baseline.</p><p>b (model 3) Adjusted for model 2 plus body mass index. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Definitions of these confounding factors are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088873#pone-0088873-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p><p>WheiR, waist to height ratio; CI, confidence interval, Q1, lowest quartiles; Q2, second quartiles; Q3, third quartiles; Q4, highest quartiles</p

Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants^a.

<p>a Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD or median (interquartile range)</p><p>Q1, lowest quartiles; Q2, second quartiles; Q3, third quartiles; Q4, quartiles; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c</p

Incidence of Proteinuria and Low eGFR in Relation to Quartiles of Waist to height ratio (WheiR).

<p>a (model 2) Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol drinking behavior, regular exercise, hypertension, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, urine occult blood, hemoglobin and preserved eGFR at baseline.</p><p>b (model 3) Adjusted for model 2 plus body mass index. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Definitions of these confounding factors are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088873#pone-0088873-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p><p>WheiR, waist to height ratio; CI, confidence interval; Q1, lowest quartiles; Q2, second quartiles; Q3, third quartiles; Q4, highest quartiles.</p

Receiver operating characteristic analyses describing the predictive value of each surrogate marker of obesity.

<p>(A) The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of waist to height ratio (WheiR), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were calculated as 0.628 (95% Confidence interval; 0.601–0.655), 0.611 (0.584, 0.638), and 0.607 (0.579, 0.635), respectively in all study participants. (B) and (C) Participants were stratified by gender. The AUCs of WheiR, BMI and WC were 0.619 (0.587, 0.650), 0.604 (0.572, 0.635), and 0.604 (0.572, 0.636), respectively, in male gender (B), and 0.660 (0.610, 0.710), 0.656 (0.604, 0.708), and 0.628 (0.572, 0.685), respectively, in female gender (C).</p

Joint associations of weight status and cardiorespiratory fitness with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.</p><p>*P value between fit and unfit in each category of BMI.</p>†<p>Adjusted for age, baseline year (2003, 2004, or 2005), smoking status (non-smoker or current smoker consuming 1 to 10, 11 to 20, or ≥21 cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker or drinker consuming <1 unit, 1 to <2 units, or ≥2 units per day, 1 unit of alcohol corresponds to 1 go of Japanese sake which approximately contains 23 g of ethanol), sleep duration (<7, 7 to <9, or ≥9 hours per day), hypertension (presence or absence), and family history of diabetes (presence or absence).</p

Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus according to age-specific tertile of cardiorespiratory fitness level or weight status

<p>Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.</p><p>*P for trend was calculated by assigning ordinal numbers 1 to 3 to tertile category of estimated VO_2max and treating this variable as continuous.</p>†<p>Median (range).</p>‡<p>Adjusted for age, baseline year (2003, 2004, or 2005), smoking status (non-smoker or current smoker consuming 1 to 10, 11 to 20, or ≥21 cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker or drinker consuming <1 unit, 1 to <2 units, or ≥2 units of alcohol per day, 1 unit of alcohol corresponds to 1 go of Japanese sake which approximately contains 23 g of ethanol), sleep duration (<7, 7 to <9, or ≥9 hours per day), hypertension (presence or absence), and family history of diabetes (presence or absence).</p>§<p>Adjusted for factors in model 1 plus BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <23, 23 to <25, ≥25 kg/m²) for fitness, or age-specific tertile category of fitness for BMI.</p