Investigating the Acid Failure of Aluminium Alloy in 2 M Hydrochloric Acid Using Vernonia amygdalina

The acid failure of aluminium alloy in 2 M hydrochloric acid solution in the presence of Vernonia amygdalina extract was investigated using gasometric technique. Aluminium alloy coupons of dimension 4 cm by 1 cm were immersed in test solutions of free acid and also those containing extract volumes of 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm3 at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. The volumes of hydrogen gas evolved as a result of the rate of reaction were recorded and analyzed. Analysis revealed that maximum inhibitor efficiency which corresponds to the lowest corrosion rate was obtained at optimum inhibitor volumes of 5 cm3, with reduction in the corrosion rate observed to follow in order of increasing extract volumes. Adsorption study revealed that Temkin isotherm best described the metal surface interaction with the extract phytochemicals, with 12 minutes becoming the best exposure time for the phytochemicals to adsorb to the metal surface at all volumes. Statistical modelling of the corrosion rate yielded an important relationship suitable for estimating corrosion rate values once volumes of the extract is known. Microstructural studies, showed an indirect relationship between crack growth rates and extract volumes, while consistency of the irregular intermetallic phases increases with increasing extract volumes

Nigeria's energy policy:Inferences,analysis and legal ethics toward RE development

The study critically assessed the various policy issues of sustainable energy development in Nigeria.The basic focus was to discuss and analyze some of the laws of the federationasit relates to the development of Renewable Energy in Nigeria.It surveyed the nation's energy policy statement and the vision20:2020 of the federal government.The Renewable Energy Master Plan developed by the joint efforts of the Energy Commission of Nigeria and United Nations Development Programs were also appraised.The level of development and the index of renewable energy production as stated by the policy statement,the vision 20:2020 and the Renewable Energy Master Plan were highlighted.The study found some policy challenges which include weak government motivation,lack of economic incentives,multiple taxations, non-existent favorable customs and excise duty act to promote renewable energy technologies.Further to this,some legal reforms which mayaid the promotion of renewable energy development in Nigeria and also make robust the nation's energy policy were proposed.Some of the laws that require amendment topromoterenewableenergyincludethelanduseact,environmentalimpactassessment decree andtheinvestmentlawsofthefederationofNigeri

NIGERIA’S ENERGY CHALLENGE AND POWER DEVELOPMENT: THE WAY FORWARD

The ever increasing demand and meager supply of energy in Nigeria has been a great challenge to her development. This situation is becoming critical, with increasing population not balanced by an adequate energy development programme. The incessant power generation failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlements, with present energy policy mainly benefiting urban dwellers. Globally, energy projections stipulate that between 2002 and 2025, global energy needs may rise by over 34%, with that of developing nations doubling this percentage. A robust solution must be found to end the nation’s energy crises. This Viewpoint compares the energy potential of Nigeria with the challenges faced. Nigeria receives a huge amount of solar radiation, has abundant wind energy resources, and large deposits of fossil fuel, as well as enormous hydro-power resources from Niger and Benue Rivers. However, of these about 80% of hydro-power remains untapped, the total 5.5KW-hr/m2/day of solar radiation is not utilized and wind energy resources remain unexploited. The solution lies in creating a mixed supply of energy in which as yet untapped renewable resources are combined with abundant nonrenewable fossil fuel, including the massive quantities of gas wasted from crude oil exploitation

Rauvolfia vormitoria Effect on the Degradation of Aluminium Alloy in 2.5 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The deterioration of aluminium alloy in 2.5 M hydrochloric acid in the presence Rauvolfia vormitoria extract was examined using both gasometric and gravimetric techniques. Aluminium coupons measuring 4 cm by 1 cm were introduced into test solutions of uninhibited acid and also those containing extract quantities of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm3 at ambient temperature of 250C for a total cumulative period of 117 minutes. The volumes of hydrogen gas evolved and weight loss readings were recorded and analyzed to obtain weight loss and corrosion rate for each coupon at specific time intervals. The results however, showed that while extract quantity was increasing; weight loss measurements increased but inhibitor efficiency decreased. Also, the metal surface-phytoconstituent interaction mechanism was consistent with the Temkin adsorption isotherm and the 3 minutes curve showed the best exposure time for phytochemicals to adsorb to alloy surface. Furthermore, microstructural studies showed an indirect relationship between metallic degradation and extract quantity, while uniformity of the irregular intermetallic phases increased with increasing extract quantity

Thermodynamics Characterization of Density models for an Effective Solar Water Heater Sizing

The problem faced in Sizing of an effective Solar Water Heater (SWH) by engineers to meet certain design requirement is highly enormous. Using the thermodynamic characterization relation and the knowledge of Solar Water Heater (SWH) density’s model; various design were evaluated. The result shows that density model actually predicts adequately and providing alternative means of estimating these design parameters. Also, the properties of the system, such as entropy and enthalpy (specific heat capacities), which cannot be determined directly from experimental axiom, were evaluated. These evaluations therefore, give room to express the thermodynamics properties of the system and consequently improve the design performance. Further comparisons with experimental results reveal a better outfit. Therefore through the knowledge of thermodynamic relation an efficient Solar Water Heater is operated and empirical data is expanded

Assessment of wind energy potential of two sites in North-East, Nigeria

The study is used to assess the wind energy potential of Maiduguri and Potiskum, two sites in North-East, Nigeria. 21 years (1987e2007) monthly mean wind data at 10 m height were assessed from the Nigeria Meteorological department and subjected to 2-parameter Weibull and other statistical analyzes. The result showed that average monthly mean wind speed variation for Potiskum ranged from 3.90 to 5.85 m/s, while for Maiduguri, it ranged from 4.35 to 6.33 m/s. Seasonally, data variation between the dry and wet seasons revealed that, the mean wind speed variation for Potiskum ranged from 4.46 (for dry) to 5.16 m/s (for wet), while for Maiduguri it ranged from 5.10 (dry) to 5.59 m/s (wet). The wind power density variation based on the Weibull analysis ranged from 102.54 to 300.15 W/m2 for Potiskum and it ranged from 114.77 to 360.04 W/m2 for Maiduguri respectively. Moreover, Maiduguri was found to be the better of the sites in terms of monthly and seasonal variation of mean wind speed, but they both can be suitable for stand alone and medium scale wind power generation

Assessment of utilization of wind energy resources in Nigeria.

The study critically reviews the prospects and challenges of utilizing wind energy resources for power generationinNigeria.Thevariousinitiativesbygovernmentsandresearchersweresurveyedandthe nation isfoundtositinthemidstofenormouspotentialforwindharvestforpowergeneration.Thefar northernstates,themountainousregionsanddifferentplacesofthecentralandsouth-easternstates wereidentifiedasgoodareas for wind harvest together with theoffshoreareasspanning from Lagos through Ondo,Ogun,Cross-Rivers to Rivers states along the Atlantic Oceaninthe south–south.Despite this great potential and huge prospect,the country is found to still suffer from serious energy crises due to heroverdependenceonhydropowerwhichalsoissusceptibletoseasonal variation in the amount of water levels at dams.There is yet to be committed wind energy project for power generationon-going in the country.Several challenges bedeviling the development and utilization of wind energy resources were identified and suggestions high lighted to help pull the nation out of this lingering energy crisi