The Prophetic Speeches (Hadith) on Sciences and Scientists: Application of the "Text from Text and D+" Theory

This study aims to apply the theory of "Text from Text and the Plus Dimension" in the analysis of the Prophetic discourse found in the section on the virtues of knowledge and scholars from Imam Sahih al-Bukhari's book. This section covers several topics, including the virtue of gathering for the sake of learning, the superiority of a scholar over a worshipper, the excellence of jurisprudence in the religion of Allah, the acquisition of knowledge through the passing away of scholars, the merit of inviting people to Allah, the continuing benefit of beneficial knowledge after a scholar's demise, the warning against seeking knowledge for purposes other than Allah, and the Prophet seeking refuge from knowledge that brings no benefit. This is an applied analytical study that aims to elucidate the scientific miraculousness in the Prophetic hadiths and explain the meanings of the Prophetic sayings in harmony with scholars and the majority. It also seeks to derive moral lessons from the hadiths and reveal meanings that might be ambiguous or hidden using the "Text from Text and the Plus Dimension" theory in the analysis of the Prophetic discourse. The study arranges the sentences of the hadiths in the section on the virtues of knowledge and scholars from Sahih al-Bukhari's book and examines their meaning and rhetorical composition. It links them with mathematical geometric relationships such as rotation, expansion through magnification and contraction, withdrawal (beginning with the beginning), and reflection (beginning with the end). The study adopts an analytical and explanatory methodology to achieve its objectives, and the corpus of the study consists of Prophetic hadiths from the section on the virtues of knowledge and scholars from Sahih al-Bukhari's book, along with all its topics. This research builds upon two previous studies where the theory was applied to analyze the Prophetic discourse: "Inviting to Contemplate the Prophetic Discourse: Text from Text and the Extra Dimension in the Analysis of the Prophetic Discourse" (Al-Rawajfeh, 2020) and "The Theory of Text from Text and the Extra Dimension in the Analysis and Miraculousness of the Prophetic Discourse: An Application to the Book of Faith from Sahih al-Bukhari" (Al-Rawajfeh and Al-Jubbah, 2023

A new activated carbon prepared from sago palm bark through physiochemical activated process with zinc chloride

This study aimed to use sago palm bark to formulate a new adsorbent activated carbon (AC) contains highly surface area through physicochemical method via ZnCl2 activation. Conduction of the activation process was performed at varying impregnation ratios (0.5-2.0). Thermal decomposition was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Porosity characterizations of AC were conducted by using N2 adsorption-desorption in order to characterise properties like pore volume, surface area, and micropore volume. To detect the presence of functional groups which were found on the surface of AC, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was utilised. Morphology of AC was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Experimental results showed that maximum AC surface area was 1737 m2/g. Activation temperature was revealed to be 700oC, with chemical impregnation ratio of zinc chloride to a precursor equal to 1.5/1

Mitigation of scale problem in the pumped Disi water to Amman, Jordan

Various methods are known to mitigate or prevent scale formation in pipes, rather by chemical addition, e.g., anti-scaling substances, or physically which includes ultrasonic or nanofiltration (NF). Nanofiltration membranes have a selectivity for the multivalent charged ions, so monovalent ions will pass the membrane partly and multivalent ions will be rejected completely. Chemical addition to prevent scale formation is based on justifying water parameters such as pH, alkalinity, and concentrations of ions that form the building units of scale crystal. In order to mitigate the scaling tendency in water pumped from the Disi aquifer to Amman city along its 345 km pipeline, different studies were conducted using simulated plumbing system. This part of the study is concerned with scale mitigation using nanofiltration and addition of chemicals. Nanofiltration was applied to reduce the hardness that causes scale deposition where it rejected around 70.5% of Ca2+, 71.98% Mg2+, 7.72% K+, 29.0% Na+, 66.63% Cl–, 86.51% NO3 – , 85.72% SO4 2–, and 69.85% CO2. Increasing the concentration of some ions such as Na+, K+ and Cl– keeping the allowable limit gave good results for scale mitigation

Utilization of Calcined Gypsum in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Removal of Phenol

The release of phenol-containing effluents above the phenol permissible limit has triggered a lot of concern over the world due to their toxic nature. The adsorptive potential of gypsum on the removal of phenol was investigated. The effect of gypsum loading (0.5–3 g), contact time (2.5–20 min) and solution temperature (298 to 318 K) on the removal of phenol by gypsum was studied at neutral pH. The thermodynamics of the adsorption process was also studied. The kinetic data were fitted into the pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models. The removal efficiency of phenol increased along with the mass of gypsum, contact time and temperature. The results of the thermodynamics study indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The change in free energy (ΔG0) was found to increase with temperature. The values of the estimated ΔG0 suggest that the phenol adsorption on gypsum is a physical adsorption process. Additionally, the kinetic data fitted best into the pseudo-second-order than the other kinetic models. This study proved that phenol can be used effectively for the reduction of phenol concentrations in water and wastewater

Inhibitory effect of Hydrex anti-scalant on calcium scale deposition from seawater under multiple-effect distillers' conditions

In this work, the inhibitory effect of a commercial anti-scalant (Veolia Hydrex® 9209) on the calcium minerals of carbonate, sulfate and hydrocalumite (Ca/Al) clay deposition from seawater has been investigated. Different concentration factors and anti-scalant doses were studied by analyzing the water hardness and turbidity. The inhibitory effect of the investigated anti-scalant was efficient even at lower concentrations. The percentage inhibition decreases with increasing the temperature and increases with increasing the dose/amount of the anti-scalant. The carbonate scale inhibition was >99% and 98–99% at 50 and 70 °C, respectively. The percentage inhibition of sulfate from hemihydrate was ranged from 80% to 87% for 2 and 8 ppm anti-scalant at 50 °C. The inhibition of Ca/Al hydrocalumite deposition increases from 70% to 90% upon increasing the dose from 3 to 5 ppm, respectively. A recommended useful dose of antiscalant for seawater is 5 ppm

A Review of Membrane-Based Desalination Systems Powered by Renewable Energy Sources

The rising demand for clean water and the environmental challenges associated with fossil fuels have encouraged the application of renewable and greener energy systems in desalination. Moreover, the small footprint and high productivity favored the membrane-based process in the water industry. In the past few decades, noticeable work has been performed on the development and applicability of membrane-based desalination processes powered by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal, and geothermal. Several integrated membrane desalination processes for producing clean water with sustainable and clean energy are introduced. This review details the source and performance efficiencies of existing renewable energy technologies and their application in membrane-based desalination processes, with a special focus on current advancements and challenges. This study reviews the interconnections between water, energy, and the environment and explores future energy-efficient desalination options for energy savings and environmental protection