Top 5 Euroopan jalkapalloliigat - Yhteys taloudellisen ja urheilullisen menestyksen välillä

Objectives of the study The research consists of two primary objectives. First one is to provide an extensive theory basis of European club football in the field of sports economics. The second objective is to further study the connection between financial performance and sporting success in European club football. The study especially seeks answers if financially successful clubs do well also in the field and vice versa. Motivational factor behind the study is UEFA’s Financial Fair Play Regulations, and the study aims to reveal their impact on the connection between clubs’ financial and sporting performance. Data and methodology The sample consists of 690 observations of 139 different clubs that have played in top-five leagues (English Premier League, German Bundesliga, French Ligue 1, Italian Serie A and Spanish La Liga) between years 2008 and 2016. Financial data consists of revenues and operating profit, and it’s restricted through public availability. Sporting success is measured by domestic league positions. Various multivariate linear regression models are built to study the correlation between financial and sporting performance. In addition, correlation results are analysed through various sensitivity tests, such as comparisons pre- and post- UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations. Results The study offers lots of significant results of which one of the most important is that domestic league winners generate on average $59.2 million greater revenues and$13.5 million greater operating profit than other clubs. In addition, reaching one position higher on the league table rewards the club with $1.3 million greater revenues on average. Positive correlation between league position and operating profit is found only in German Bundesliga, where reaching one position higher on the league table rewards club on average with$1.2 million greater operating profit. Interestingly negative correlation is found in Italian Serie A, where cost of reaching higher on the table is on average $0.6 million reduction in operating profit. Almost same negative connection ($0.5 million) is found for whole data set before UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations were introduced, but after the introduction no statistically significant connection can be found. Hence, it could be argued that UEFA’s regulations have already had a positive impact on operational profit of the most sportingly successful clubs in Europe

Koulunkäynti, opetus ja hyvinvointi kouluyhteisössä koronaepidemian aikana: tuloksia kevään 2021 aineistonkeruusta : Väliraportti syksy 2021

Valtakunnallinen Koulunkäynti, opetus ja hyvinvointi kouluyhteisössä koronaepidemian aikana -tutkimushanke käynnistyi keväällä 2020 opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön toimeksiannosta. Tampereen yliopiston ja Helsingin yliopiston yhteistyössä toteuttaman tutkimuksen puitteissa on toteutettu nyt yhteensä kolme valtakunnallista aineistonkeruuta: toukokuussa 2020, marraskuussa 2020 sekä huhti-toukokuussa 2021. Kussakin aineistonkeruussa pandemian vaikutuksia on kysytty erikseen viideltä eri vastaajaryhmältä: oppilailta, opettajilta, rehtoreilta, oppilashuoltohenkilökunnalta sekä oppilaiden huoltajilta. Tämä väliraportti esittelee tutkimuksen tuloksia erityisesti kevään 2021 aineistonkeruukierrokselta. Lisäksi raportti sisältää kootusti seurantatietoja koko tutkimushankkeen ajalta. Raportin rakenne on seuraava: OSA 1 KESKEISET TULOKSET JA TOIMENPIDESUOSITUKSET OSA 2 TUTKIMUSRAPORTTI OSA 3 VALMISTEILLA OLEVAT TIETEELLISET JULKAISU

Has UEFA’s financial fair play regulation increased football clubs’ profitability?

Research question:In response to the low profitability of Europeanfootball clubs, in 2010, UEFA established its Financial Fair Playregulation (FFP) to encourage clubs not to spend more than theyearn. We examine whether FFP’s break-even rule has increasedthe profitability of football clubs.Research methods:: We use data from the topfive Europeanfootball leagues (those of England, France, Germany, Italy, andSpain) over the period 2008–2016. Our sample includes 1,094club-year observations (139 different clubs). Earnings beforeinterest and taxes (EBIT) and profit before tax (PBT) margins areused as profitability measures. The impact of FFP is estimatedusing the Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE), logisticregressions, andfixed effects OLS models. We control for bothdomestic and European competition success, leverage, club size,and country/clubfixed effects.Results and Findings:In the pre-FFP period, roughly 70 percent ofobservations are losses, whereas in the post-FFP period, roughly 60percent of observations are losses. However, the estimated positiveeffect is significant only in Spain, while for England and Germanywefind weak evidence. We cannot rule out that the observedimprovement in performance is simply caused by the recoveryfrom thefinancial crisis. The effect of FFP is insignificant in Franceand Italy.Implications:The effect of FFP on clubs’profitability has been atbest modest. We call upon UEFA and its member associationsand leagues to expand their efforts to enforce the break-evenrule or to reassess the efficiency of current FFP requirements.Peer reviewe