Evaluation of PROMETAL Technique for Application to Dies for Short Run Forgings

Manufacturing of hot forging dies required several steps such as acquisition of material block, shaping it for machining, rough machining the cavity, heat treating, finish machining, grinding and polishing. This process takes several months. Consequently for limited number of parts often required in aerospace industry, forging is being replaced by direct machining of parts. If the die lead times (administrative and manufacturing) could be reduced to weeks instead of months, forging process will become viable for short run forgings. This paper evaluates the PROMETAL technique for dies in forging of aluminum alloys. This evaluation includes frictional, heat transfer and strength characterization. Isothermal and non-isothermal ring tests together with FEM models are used to determine the interface behavior and its effect on metal flow.Mechanical Engineerin

Cryptography using Automata Theory

Encryption and decryption are the two most crucial components of cryptography. Data protection is the main objective of both systems. We utilised encryption to transform plain text into ciphertext. Decryption, which works the other way around from encryption, is the process of converting encrypted text back into plain text. By using a finite state machine and the LU decomposition method, the created encryption solution ensures data secrecy for safe communication. In our suggested approach, we additionally employ lower and upper triangular matrices, which are obtained by decomposing a square matrix. During encryption, the key will be a lower triangular matrix modulated by a prime number, and during decryption, an upper triangular matrix modulated by a prime number. The tactic is beneficial. This tactic is helpful in sectors such as finance and military services where confidential material must be delivered

Brzo i vidljivo petljom posredovano izotermno umnažanje za dokazivanje Brucella spp. i njegova primjena u epidemiologiji bruceloze goveda.

Brucellosis is a devastating disease, once an abortion storm starts in a herd, and hence early diagnosis is important. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has enlightened the darker part of the diagnostic world by its simplicity and swiftness, and has the advantage of working in isothermal conditions so that it can be applied to the field. LAMP for Brucella spp., that already exists has not been exploited for visual detection and the time needed for completion of the reaction has not been reduced. In the present study, an attempt was made to seal these cracks by developing a fast and visually detectable LAMP for Brucella spp., which needs only 30 min detection time, and SYBR green aided easier result visualization. The LAMP test targeting the omp25 gene was found to be highly sensitive and specific for detecting Brucella spp. Comparison of the LAMP test with the available PCR assay revealed that the LAMP test was more sensitive than PCR, following testing of 438 field samples of cattle origin, and it showed prevalence of Brucella of 14.7 % in different parts of India. Being highly sensitive, specific and speedy, the standardized visual LAMP test can be widely used for epidemiological surveys of this economically important and zoonotic pathogen.Bruceloza je razorna bolest kad se u stadu pojavi u obliku pobačaja što iziskuje brzo postavljanje dijagnoze. Upotreba metode nazvane „petljom posredovano izotermno umnažanje“ (engl. loop mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)“ omogućila je poboljšanje dijagnostike svojom jednostavnošću i brzinom, a prednost joj je da se može izvesti na postojanoj temperaturi pa se može primijeniti u terenskim uvjetima. U dosada razvijenim postupcima LAMP-a nije bio rabljen vizualni dokaz i nije se uspjelo skratiti vrijeme reakcije. U ovom istraživanju pokušalo se ukloniti te nedostatke razvitkom brzog postupka za vizualni dokaz Brucella spp., za što je potrebno samo 30 minuta i SYBR zeleno. LAMP test za dokaz gena omp25 pokazao se visoko osjetljivim i specifičnim za dokaz Brucella spp. Pretraga 438 terenskih uzoraka podrijetlom od goveda pokazala je da je LAMP osjetljiviji od raspoloživih testova PCR-a. Tim je testom dokazana prevalencija bruceloze od 14,7 % u različitim dijelovima Indije. Kao vrlo osjetljiv, specifičan i brz, LAMP test se može naširoko upotrijebiti u epidemiološkim istraživanjima bruceloze

Pyramiding and evaluation of segregating lines containing lectin and protease inhibitor genes for aphid resistance in Brassica juncea

Aphids are one of the most devastating pests, affecting the potential yield and quality ofBrassica juncea. In the current study, we have attempted to pyramid two transgenic lines containing chickpea lectin (CHPL, P1) and urdbean protease inhibitor (UPI, P2) in each under the phloem specific rolC promoter, through conventional breeding approach. In the derived F2 population, both lectin and protease inhibitor genes were segregating in a 9:3:3:1 ratio (p-value: 0.81), indicative of a single copy of the transgenes in the parents. Furthermore, the parental, as well as pyramided progenies were evaluated for their potential resistance to aphids in terms of mortality and natality. The lines containing both the transgenes were found to be superior over single gene transgenics as a higher mortality rate (96%) was found in F2on the 9th day as compared to single gene transgenics (86% and 80% in P1 and P2 respectively). A significant decrease in the number of nymphs was observed in P1 and P2 but most in F2 plants as almost 43, 32.08, and 107.5 times decrease in the number of nymphs was found in P1, P2, and F2 individuals over control. Expression profiling was done to see if there was any impact of gene pyramiding on the expression pattern of both transgenes before and after aphid treatment, and no significant changes were observed, indicating constitutive expression of transgenes in pyramided lines also. In conclusion, pyramided lines were found to be promising and were superior for aphid resistance

Green route to fabrication of Semal-ZnO nanoparticles for efficient solar-driven catalysis of noxious dyes in diverse aquatic environments

This work successfully demonstrates a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing Semal-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Bombax ceiba L. These NPs exhibit an absorption peak at approximately 390 nm in the UV-visible spectrum and an energy gap (Eg) of 3.11 eV. Detailed analyses of the morphology and particle size using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, XRD, FE-SEM with EDS, and HR-TEM reveal crystallographic peaks attributable to the hexagonal phase, with an average crystal size of 17 nm. The Semal-ZnO NPs also exhibit a notable photocatalytic efficiency for degrading methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under sunlight in different water samples collected from diverse natural sources, indicating that they are promising photocatalysts for environmental remediation. The photocatalytic efficiency of the biofabricated Semal-ZnO NPs is impressive, exhibiting a photodegradation rate of up to 99% for MB and 79% for MO in different water samples under exposure to sunlight. The novel phytofabricated Semal-ZnO NPs are thus a beacon of hope for the environment, with their desirable photocatalytic efficiency, pseudo-first-order kinetics, and ability to break down noxious dye pollutants in various aquatic environments

Study of Printing Parameters in Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of Cobalt Chrome - Tricalcium Phosphate Biocomposite

Traditional metals such as stainless steel, titanium and cobalt chrome are used in biomedical applications (implants, scaffolds etc.) but suffer from issues such as osseointegration and compatibility with existing bone. One way to improve traditional biomaterials is to incorporate ceramics with these metals so that their mechanical properties can be similar to cortical bones. Tricalcium phosphate is such a ceramic with properties so that it can be used in human body. This research explores the use of binder jetting based additive manufacturing process to create a novel biocomposite made of cobalt chrome and tricalcium phosphate. Experiments were conducted and processing parameters were varied to study their effect on the printing of this biocomposite. Layer thickness, binder saturation and drying time affected the surface finish, dimensional tolerance and the density of the green samples. This effect is important to understand so that the material can be optimized for use in specific applications.Mechanical Engineerin

Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steel - Tricalcium Phosphate Biocomposite for Bone Scaffold and Implant Applications

Scaffolds are 3D biocompatible structures that mimic the extracellular matrix properties (mechanical support, cellular activity and protein production) of bones and provide place for cell attachment and bone tissue formation. Their performance depends on chemistry, pore size, pore volume, and mechanical strength. Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) has been used as a means to produce these scaffolds. This paper explores a new biocomposite manufactured using Binder Jet AM process. Stainless steel and tricalcium phosphate are combined to form a composite and used in different volume fractions to produce parts with varying densities. Layer thickness, sintering time and sintering temperature are varied to study the effect of process parameters on the microstructure, dimensions and mechanical properties of the resulting structure. It is found that the resulting biocomposite can be tailored by varying the process to change its properties and mimic the properties of scaffolds in bone tissue applications.Mechanical Engineerin

Process-structure-microstructure Relationship in Hot Strip Rolling of Steels Using Statistical Data Mining

AbstractMathematical models have been widely used for prediction of microstructure and mechanical properties in hot rolling of strip. To accurately predict these characteristics, it is necessary to create models that can replicate thermomechanical state of material and its evolution during processing. This paper presents development of a hybrid model that uses mills setting and real time plant data such as chemical composition; forces and temperatures; and integrates them with empirical relationships of material evolution to predict quality attributes. This information is combined with non-linear statistical data mining models to create online tool that predicts properties of individual coil. Case study from Steel Plant is presented that illustrates implementation, calibration and validation of this model across different materials grades