52 research outputs found
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical and Microbial Qualities of Some Herbal Medicinal Products in South Western Nigeria
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmaceutical and microbial qualities of 21 different (of various dosage forms) Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPs) sourced from some traditional medicine sales outlets and retail pharmacy outlets in south western Nigeria.
Method: The pharmaceutical qualities evaluated include tablet crushing strength, friability, disintegration time; density of the solutions and suspensions; particle size and angle of repose of the powders. Phytochemical tests were carried out to assess the class of compounds present in the formulations and the microbial quality of the products was also evaluated.
Results: The results show that twelve (57.1%) of the products had their manufacturing and expiry dates stated, nine (42.9%) products have been registered by NAFDAC and ten (47.6%) did not have their content stated but had their therapeutic claims indicated on the container. The tablet formulation (Product A) showed acceptable crushing strength and friability but failed the test for disintegration time. The angle of repose of the powder dosage forms were considerably high showing that the powders were highly cohesive and not free flowing. The microbial load of the products varied considerably. Ten (47.6%) of the samples were contaminated by E. coli, seven (33%) were contaminated by Salmonella, fifteen (71.4%) were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus and twelve (57.1%) were contaminated by fungi.
Conclusion: There is need for constant monitoring and control of the standards of herbal medicines available in the Nigerian market.
Keywords: Herbal medicinal products, microbial quality, pharmaceutical quality. > Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 661-67
Attenuation Variability in Porous Media: Effects on Phase Delay and Quality Factor
Electromagnetic methods of surveying involve the propagation of time varying low frequency electromagnetic fields in and over the earth. This gives rise to a secondary electromagnetic field and a resultant field which is picked up by suitable receiving coil. This research work modelled electromagnetic method of survey using a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and a signal generator. This work was aimed at relating the effects of phase delay and the quality factor of a propagating signal to some properties of the homogeneous medium, like porosity (compaction), permeability and hydraulic conductivity. River bed sand was used as the sample, it was washed, oven dried, sieved into different grain sizes and the porosity was determined. Each sample was packed in a square box and connected to a signal generator and an oscilloscope. Two sinusoidal waves of the same frequency, but different amplitudes were sent from a signal generator and the measurement was taken at different frequencies. Graphs of frequency were drawn each against phase delay and Q – factor. Graphs of porosity were drawn each against phase delay and Q – factor. In conclusion, we observed that the porosity of a material increased with the decrease in the mixture of its grain size and signals were more attenuated at lower frequencies but as the frequency of the input signal was increased, the material became more permeable to the passage of the input signal. Keywords: porosity, attenuation coefficient, phase delay, quality factor and electromagnetis
Prospects and challenges of vermiculture practices in southwest Nigeria
The prospect of vermiculture in the south-western coast of Nigeria was studied. One hundred and two
respondents were interviewed in the three coastal towns of Badagry, Epe and Igbokoda. The results
show that 94% of respondents made use of earthworms as fish bait, 37% buy their worms and 57%
collected by themselves. The respondents, who buy, however, noted that their suppliers do not breed
the worms but search for them from marshy areas. The price value placed on the worms ranged
between 0.35 and ₦3.10 per kg; while the most quoted prices were 0.35 and ₦0.80 (16.7% each). The
average quoted price was ₦0.70 per kg. Forty-six percent (46%) of respondents were willing to buy
earthworms if supplied to them; 49% were willing to serve as sales agents if contacted and 66.7%
opined that earthworm was their choicest fishing bait. The results indicate positive expectation for
vermiculture as a business venture. Vermiculture should, however, put into consideration the
production of Alma millsoni and Libyodrilus violaceus, the species quoted as the most preferred and
effective for fishing. Vermiculture will go a long way in solving the problem of earthworm scarcity
among these people, reduce the stress put on natural populations earthworms, thus conserving the
worms and also reduce damage done to the soil environment in the course of excavating for worms
Cellulase Sources in the Eudrilid Earthworm, Eudrilus Eugeniae
Earthworms have been known to breakdown leaf litter to release the
nutrients laden in the leaves. Their ability to breakdown leaf litter implies that they
have a source of cellulose. The present work looked at these sources to establish if
they were exogenous or endogenous in origin. Earthworm samples of the species
Eudriluseugeniaewere fed with tissue paper as cellulose source. The resulting faecal
droppings were subjected to various carbohydrate tests to confirm the final products.
Some of the worms were defaunated by treating with antibiotics to ensure the
cellulose source was exogenous. Survival tests were also carried out on the faunated
and defaunated earthworms. The results showed by Molisch's test the presence of
carbohydrate in both fresh and egested tissue paper; while Benedict test and Barfoed's
test indicate that the ingested tissue paper was digested to monosaccharide level.
Seliwanoff's test also confirmed that the breakdown product was the monosaccharide
fructose. Result of the survival test showed a significantly higher survival rate in the
faunated than the defaunated earthworms. The results also showed that cellulose is of
both exogenous and endogenous source to the earthworms. It is thus proposed that in
plant litter treatments introduction of earthworms should be encouraged above merely
introducing microbes as the gut of the worms is here shown to support microbial
activity
Interpretation of Airborne Magnetic Data of Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria
Compilation of the airborne magnetic data was conducted by digitizing along the flight line, picking the contour values across each flight line over
the upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Basement complex Nigeria. It shows complicated arrangement of long wavelength anomalies, with
significant magnetic low. The study of airborne magnetic data revealed some features that are interpreted in terms of deep geologic structures with
variation in susceptibility of the basement rocks of thick Cretaceous sediments. The NE-SW trending of the lineament map identifies the same
trending of the Benue Trough. Such same trending may be inferred to have the same subsurface structural control. The residual magnetic anomaly
map towards the SW region which is the location of Dong and Numan is smoother, which is masked off by the effect of the stronger magnetic
basement likely to be a sedimentary basin. The NE-SW revelation shows that this basement region is polygenetic and has experienced magmatism,
metamorphism, and structural deformations caused by Pan-Africa Orogeny
Geochemical Analysis of Domestic Groundwater Sources in a Suburb of Ota, Southwestern Nigeria
Groundwater as one of the most valuable natural resources supports human health, economic development and ecological
diversity. The activities of many constituents related to groundwater such as micro-organisms, gases, inorganic and organic
materials can lead to contamination of well water, municipal drinking water sources and the environment. Therefore,
geochemical analyses of domestic groundwater sources within Iju, Southwestern Nigeria have been conducted to determine
the groundwater properties of water samples from available hand-dug wells and boreholes within the area. Fifteen (15)
water samples sourced from wells and boreholes within the study area were analyzed for their major trace elements
using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the laboratory and physiochemical characteristics such
as pH, total dissolved solids and conductivity were calculated to determine the suitability of such water for agricultural
and domestic consumption. The bulk analysis on the water samples revealed that majority of the trace elements when
compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards and Acme Laboratory Canada Method
Detection Limits (MDL) have values that agree with the recommended limit. These findings show that the present status of
groundwater in Iju is good for domestic and agricultural purposes. However, the presence of trace elements such as Lead,
Bromide, Copper, Potassium, Manganese, Rubidium and Silicon in fairly high quantities in the groundwater samples which
may be as a result of treatment in the water or dissolved salts in the groundwater may constitute major health hazards if
not quickly checked. In spite of groundwater studies done in Ota, important information on groundwater resources in Iju
is still largely unavailable. Thus, groundwater management can be effectively planned based on these results for the study
area
Comparative Analysis of Natural Radioactivity Content in Tiles made in Nigeria and Imported Tiles from China
In this investigation, natural radioactive contents in tiles manufactured in Nigeria and tiles imported
from China were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy. High Purity Germanium detector was
used to estimate the concentrations of some radioisotopes present in 17 samples of various tiles from
Nigeria and China. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K for the tiles were found
to be 68.2 ± 0.5; 173.9 ± 9.2 and 490 ± 15 Bq/kg and 58.2 ± 0.5, 161.5 ± 9.4 and 455.7 ± 15.1 Bq/kg for
the tiles from Nigeria and China respectively. Radiological hazard indices such as absorbed dose rate,
radium equivalent activity, external Hazard Index (Hex), internal Hazard Index (Hin), Annual Effective
Dose (mSv/y), Gamma activity Index (Iγ) and Alpha Index (Iα) were determined for both kind of tiles
from Nigeria and China. The mean values obtained were: 354.56 and 317.16 Bq/kg; 169.22 nGyh−1 and
153.92 nGyh−1; 0.95 and 0.87; 1.14 and 1.08; 1.59 mSv/y and 1.52 mSv/y; 1 and 1.15 and; 0.34 and
0.29 respectively. The mean value of radium equivalent obtained in this study is less than that of the
international reference value of 370 Bq/kg for the both kind of tiles
Comparative Analysis of Natural Radioactivity Content in Tiles made in Nigeria and Imported Tiles from China
In this investigation, natural radioactive contents in tiles manufactured in Nigeria and tiles imported
from China were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy. High Purity Germanium detector was
used to estimate the concentrations of some radioisotopes present in 17 samples of various tiles from
Nigeria and China. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K for the tiles were found
to be 68.2 ± 0.5; 173.9 ± 9.2 and 490 ± 15 Bq/kg and 58.2 ± 0.5, 161.5 ± 9.4 and 455.7 ± 15.1 Bq/kg for
the tiles from Nigeria and China respectively. Radiological hazard indices such as absorbed dose rate,
radium equivalent activity, external Hazard Index (Hex), internal Hazard Index (Hin), Annual Effective
Dose (mSv/y), Gamma activity Index (Iγ) and Alpha Index (Iα) were determined for both kind of tiles
from Nigeria and China. The mean values obtained were: 354.56 and 317.16 Bq/kg; 169.22 nGyh−1 and
153.92 nGyh−1; 0.95 and 0.87; 1.14 and 1.08; 1.59 mSv/y and 1.52 mSv/y; 1 and 1.15 and; 0.34 and
0.29 respectively. The mean value of radium equivalent obtained in this study is less than that of the
international reference value of 370 Bq/kg for the both kind of tiles
Assessment of natural radionuclides and its radiological hazards from tiles made in Nigeria
Activity concentration of 10 different brands of tiles made in Nigeria were analyzed using High purity
Germanium gamma detector and its hazard indices such as absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity,
external Hazard Index (Hex), internal Hazard Index (Hin), Annual Effective Dose (mSv/y), Gamma activity Index
(Iγ) and Alpha Index (Iα) were determined. The result showed that the average activity concentrations of
radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) content are within the recommended limit. The average radium equivalent
is within the recommended limit of 370 Bq/kg. The result obtained further showed that the mean values for the
absorbed dose rate (D), external and internal hazard index, the annual effective dose (AEDR) equivalent, gamma
activity index and Alpha Index were: 169.22 nGyh−1, 0.95 and 1.14, 1.59 mSv/y, 1.00 Sv yr−1 and 0.34 respectively.
The result established that radiological hazards such as absorbed dose rate, internal hazard, annual
effective dose rate, gamma activity index and Alpha Index for some samples are found to be slightly close or
above international recommended values. The result for the present study was compared with tiles sample from
others countries, it was observed that the concentration of tiles made in Nigeria and other countries are closer,
however recommends proper radiation monitoring for some tiles made in Nigeria before usage due to the long
term health effec
Assessment of natural radionuclides and its radiological hazards from tiles made in Nigeria
Activity concentration of 10 different brands of tiles made in Nigeria were analyzed using High purity
Germanium gamma detector and its hazard indices such as absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity,
external Hazard Index (Hex), internal Hazard Index (Hin), Annual Effective Dose (mSv/y), Gamma activity Index
(Iγ) and Alpha Index (Iα) were determined. The result showed that the average activity concentrations of
radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) content are within the recommended limit. The average radium equivalent
is within the recommended limit of 370 Bq/kg. The result obtained further showed that the mean values for the
absorbed dose rate (D), external and internal hazard index, the annual effective dose (AEDR) equivalent, gamma
activity index and Alpha Index were: 169.22 nGyh−1, 0.95 and 1.14, 1.59 mSv/y, 1.00 Sv yr−1 and 0.34 respectively.
The result established that radiological hazards such as absorbed dose rate, internal hazard, annual
effective dose rate, gamma activity index and Alpha Index for some samples are found to be slightly close or
above international recommended values. The result for the present study was compared with tiles sample from
others countries, it was observed that the concentration of tiles made in Nigeria and other countries are closer,
however recommends proper radiation monitoring for some tiles made in Nigeria before usage due to the long
term health effec
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