Supplementary information for Children and young adults with profound and multiple learning disabilities: evidence of intelligible subvocal language

Supplementary files for article Children and young adults with profound and multiple learning disabilities: evidence of intelligible subvocal language© the author, CC-BY NC ND 4.0IntroductionLiterature to date describes people with Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities (PMLD) as pre-linguistic. In contrast, this study explores the existence and use of meaningful sub vocal (SV) language by twenty PMLD participants.MethodThe SV utterances of 20 PMLD participants were recorded and amplified. Recordings were investigated for evidence of language content and structure, listener intelligibility, and acoustic and phonetic features relative to normal speech and whisper.ResultsLanguage content and structure was identified. Listener intelligibility was demonstrated. Acoustic and phonetic features relative to normal speech and whisper were evident.ConclusionTwenty PMLD participants produced meaningful SV language intelligible to listeners. This study requires further robust research to fully confirm its findings but highlights implications for clinical practice and for understanding of PMLD communication competencies.This paper is accompanied by audio samples and transcriptions of recorded utterances to demonstrate the SV language produced by the participants. The quality of the samples varies due to the difficulties in recording SV utterances and the difficulties for participants in articulating clearly. This is not normal speech, but it is normal language. The listener may need to replay samples where the quality of the recording is poor.</p

Children and young adults with profound and multiple learning disabilities: evidence of intelligible subvocal language

Introduction: Literature to date describes people with Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities (PMLD) as pre-linguistic. In contrast, this study explores the existence and use of meaningful sub vocal (SV) language by twenty PMLD participants.Method: The SV utterances of 20 PMLD participants were recorded and amplified. Recordings were investigated for evidence of language content and structure, listener intelligibility, and acoustic and phonetic features relative to normal speech and whisper.Results: Language content and structure was identified. Listener intelligibility was demonstrated. Acoustic and phonetic features relative to normal speech and whisper were evident.Conclusion: Twenty PMLD participants produced meaningful SV language intelligible to listeners. This study requires further robust research to fully confirm its findings but highlights implications for clinical practice and for understanding of PMLD communication competencies.This paper is accompanied by audio samples and transcriptions of recorded utterances to demonstrate the SV language produced by the participants. The quality of the samples varies due to the difficulties in recording SV utterances and the difficulties for participants in articulating clearly. This is not normal speech, but it is normal language. The listener may need to replay samples where the quality of the recording is poor.</p

Biological Templates for Antireflective Current Collectors for Photoelectrochemical Cell Applications

Three-dimensional (3D) structures such as nanowires, nanotubes, and nanorods have the potential to increase surface area, reduce light reflection, and shorten charge carrier transport distances. The assembly of such structures thus holds great promise for enhancing photoelectrochemical solar cell efficiency. In this study, genetically modified <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> (TMV1cys) was used to form self-assembling 3D nanorod current collectors and low light-reflecting surfaces. Photoactive CuO was subsequently deposited by sputtering onto these patterned nanostructures, and these structures were examined for photocurrent activity. CuO thicknesses of 520 nm on TMV1cys patterned current collectors produced the highest photocurrent density of 3.15 mA/cm² yet reported for a similar sized CuO system. Reflectivity measurements are in agreement with full-wave electromagnetic simulations, which can be used as a design tool for optimizing the CuO system. Thus the combined effects of reducing charge carrier transport distance, increasing surface area, and the suppression of light reflection make these virus-templated surfaces ideal for photoelectrochemical applications

Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Microbattery Electrodes Combining Bottom-Up Self-Assembly and Top-Down Micromachining

The realization of next-generation portable electronics and integrated microsystems is directly linked with the development of robust batteries with high energy and power density. Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructured electrodes enhance energy and power through higher surface area and thinner active materials, respectively. Here, we present a novel approach for the fabrication of hierarchical electrodes that combine benefits of both length scales. The electrodes consist of self-assembled, virus-templated nanostructures conformally coating three-dimensional micropillars. Active battery material (V₂O₅) is deposited using atomic layer deposition on the hierarchical micro/nanonetwork. Electrochemical characterization of these electrodes indicates a 3-fold increase in energy density compared to nanostructures alone, in agreement with the surface area increase, while maintaining the high power characteristics of nanomaterials. Investigation of capacity scaling for varying active material thickness reveals underlying limitations in nanostructured electrodes and highlights the importance of our method in controlling both energy and power density with structural hierarchy

Integrating History of Sociology into History of Science: Language Analysis as a Tool for History of Sociology

This thesis focuses on methodological possibilities of language as a basis for history of sociology. Current professional history of sociology takes predominantly the form of institutional studies characterized by an attention to social context of knowledge production. Language orientation provides an unutilized opportunity for intellectual history - a supposedly stale alternative of institutional tradition. Development of language-based history creates a methodological position close to approaches common in history of natural sciences. Critical analysis of metaphor studies in sociology serves as an example of risks and challenges of language focus which assists us with articulation of our own methodological position. Following studies of Ladislav Kvasz, historian of natural sciences, the thesis offers methodological apparatus adapted to sociology. Key feature of the presented tool is a capability to distinguish between three levels of language of sociological theory: data, models and theory. These levels differ in functions which they ascribe to corresponding language elements and rising language powers (to constitute new objects and to integrate the ones positioned below). Application of our method is illustrated by two examples. Cursory excursion into history of mathematics in sociology..

Additional file 12: Figure S6 of Serotonin promotes exploitation in complex environments by accelerating decision-making

Histograms of preemptive slopes measured in individual animals during the 50 sec prior to encountering a large patch of food. Negative slopes are emphasized in red. Errors denote ± SEM and P values denote the probability that the measured distribution of slopes was obtained from a distribution with zero mean, as determined by a t-test. (TIF 507 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Serotonin promotes exploitation in complex environments by accelerating decision-making

(A, B) The same assays and analysis as described in Fig. 2a, b were also performed on a mod-5 mutant background. (C) The velocity of wild-type animals, tph-1 mutants, mod-5 mutants, and transgenics in which the serotonergic neurons have been genetically silenced as measured up to 1,500 sec after the encounter with food. (D) The same assays and analysis as described in Fig. 2a, b are shown for the three independent transgenic lines. (E, F) The same assays and analysis as described in Fig. 2a, b were also performed on bas-1 mutants, lacking serotonin and dopamine, and cat-2 mutants, lacking dopamine. Dopamine in and of itself was not required for rapid decision-making upon encountering food. Comparisons were performed using an ANOVA test corrected post hoc for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s HSD test. Single and double asterisks denote significant differences (P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). (TIF 541 kb

Additional file 11: Figure S5. of Serotonin promotes exploitation in complex environments by accelerating decision-making

(A) Mean values of NSM::GCaMP (grey) and ADF::GCaMP (black) fluorescence from animals assayed on a reversed patch (see Methods). The time in which the animal crawled directly above the edge of the bacterial lawn was defined as t = 0 . Mean fluorescence was measured during 20-sec periods, before and around the mock encounter. Baseline activity was measured in the same neurons 30–50 sec prior to the mock encounter. The change in fluorescence observed in ADF mirrored the change observed several seconds prior to the encounter. Bars depict mean ± SEM, the number of animals assayed for each strain is noted in parentheses, pairwise comparisons were performed using a t-test, and the asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference between the two periods (P <0.05). (B) The mean kinetics of the GCaMP fluorescence data from Fig. 4a and the mean velocities from Fig. 2a. The yellow shaded area denotes post-encounter times (see Discussion). (TIF 116 kb

Architecturing Hierarchical Function Layers on Self-Assembled Viral Templates as 3D Nano-Array Electrodes for Integrated Li-Ion Microbatteries

This work enables an elegant bottom-up solution to engineer 3D microbattery arrays as integral power sources for microelectronics. Thus, multilayers of functional materials were hierarchically architectured over tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) templates that were genetically modified to self-assemble in a vertical manner on current-collectors, so that optimum power and energy densities accompanied with excellent cycle-life could be achieved on a minimum footprint. The resultant microbattery based on self-aligned LiFePO₄ nanoforests of shell–core–shell structure, with precise arrangement of various auxiliary material layers including a central nanometric metal core as direct electronic pathway to current collector, delivers excellent energy density and stable cycling stability only rivaled by the best Li-ion batteries of conventional configurations, while providing rate performance per foot-print and on-site manufacturability unavailable from the latter. This approach could open a new avenue for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications, which would significantly benefit from the concept that electrochemically active components be directly engineered and fabricated as an integral part of the integrated circuit (IC)

L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme / dir. Henri Desgranges

14 novembre 19211921/11/14 (A22,N7639)