Synthesis of organic and inorganic derivatives of imidazol-2-ylidenes and 2-methyleneimidazolines

Different derivatives of imidazol-2-yildene (scheme 1-2) and different derivatives of 2-methyleneimidazoline (scheme 3) were prepared and the novel structures were characterized by IR, and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, mass spectra and X-ray structure analyses. The resulting derivatives from the previous two compounds are classified into halogen charge transfer adducts, salts, and neutral compounds. The halogen adducts 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 46, 47, and 50 were obtained by the reactions of imidazol-2-yildene or 2-methyleneimidazoline with halogen containing compounds. The salts 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45 were obtained by the nucleophilic reactions of imidazol-2-ylidene. While the salts 52 and 55 were obtained from the nucleophilic reactions of 2-methyleneimidazoline. The salts 33, 34, and 35 were obtained from the reaction of 2-haloimidazolium halide with tetrahalotellurium. The neutral compound 53 was obtained from the reaction of 2-methyleneimidazoline with benzoyl fluoride.Vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese (Schema 1-2) und Charakterisierung verschiedener Imidazol-2-yliden- und 2-Methylenimidazolin-Derivate (Schema 3). Neue Strukturen werden mittels Röntgenstrukuranalyse, IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie verifiziert. Die hergestellten Derivate beschriebener Verbindungsklassen lassen sich in drei Bindungstypen unterteilen: Charge-Transfer-Addukte, Salze und Neutralmoleküle. Die Halogenaddukte 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 46, 47, und 50 werden durch Reaktionen von Imidazol-2-ylidenen oder 2-Methylenimidazolinen mit der jeweiligen Halogenverbindung erreicht. Die Salze 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, und 45 werden durch nukleophile Reaktionen der Imidazol-2-ylidene erhalten, während die Salze 52 und 55 durch nukleophile Reaktionen der 2-Methylenimidazoline gebildet werden. Die Salze 33, 34, und 35 werden durch Reaktionen des 2-Haloimidazoliumhalogenids mit Tellur(IV)halogenid dargestellt. Das Neutralmolekül 53 wird bei der Reaktion von 2-Methylenimidazolin mit Benzoylfluorid gebildet

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Synthesis, Structure and Reactions of 1,3-Dimethyl-5-bis(thiomethyl)methylenebarbituric Acid

Dedicated to Professor Otto J. Scherer on the occasion of his 75 th birthday 1,3-Dimethyl-5-bis(thiomethyl)methylenebarbituric acid (8) is obtained from 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and CS 2 /NEt 3 followed by alkylation with methyl iodide. Compound 8 reacts with aqueous ammonia to give 5-amino(thiomethyl)methylene-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (9). With benzylamine, the thiomethyl substituent in 9 is replaced to give 5-amino(benzylamino)methylene-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (10) while with methanesulfonic acid the sulfonate salt 11 is formed. The crystal structures of 8 and 9 are reported

Immunomodulatory effect of Moringa peregrina leaves, ex vivo and in vivo study

This study was conducted to assess the in vivo and ex vivo immunomodulatory effect of the ethanol leaves extract of Moringa peregrina in Balb/c mice. For this study, five groups of 5 Balb/c mice were given a single acute subtoxic oral dose of the ethanolic extract at 1.13, 11.30, 23.40 and 113.4 mg/kg and the immunomodulatory effect was assessed on the 6th day following the ingestion. In the (non-functional) assessment, the effect of the extract on the body weight, relative lymphoid organ weight, splenic cellularity and peripheral blood hematologic parameters were evaluated. While in the immunomodulation assessment (functional), we investigated the effect of the extract on the proliferative capacity of splenic lymphocytes and peripheral T and B lymphocytes using mitogen blastogenesis, mixed allogeneic MLR and IgM-Plaque forming cells assays. The ingestion of M. peregrina extract caused a significant increase in the body weight, weight and number of cells of spleen and lymph nodes of the treated mice. Furthermore, the count of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin concentration and PCV % were increased by the extract treatment in a dose-dependent manner. M. peregrina enhanced the proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes for both T cell and B-cell mitogens. Likewise, the mixed lymphocyte reaction MLR assay has revealed a T-cell dependent proliferation enhancement in the extract treated mice. Moreover, the oral administration of M. peregrina leaves extracts significantly increased PFCs/10 6 splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, subtoxic acute doses of M. peregrina extract demonstrated significant potential as an immunomodulatory agent even at the lowest dose of 1.13 mg/kg

A Study of the Synthesis and Characterization of New Acrylamide Derivatives for Use as Corrosion Inhibitors in Nitric Acid Solutions of Copper

The objective of this research was to explore the impact of corrosion inhibition of some synthetic acrylamide derivatives 2-cyano-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide (ACR-2) and 2-cyano-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylacrylamide (ACR-3) on copper in 1.0 M nitric acid solution using chemical and electrochemical methods, including mass loss as a chemical method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) as electrochemical methods. By Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS) methods, the two compounds were verified and characterized. There is evidence that both compounds were effective corrosion inhibitors for copper in 1.0 M nitric acid (HNO3) solutions, as indicated by the PP curves, which show that these compounds may be considered mixed-type inhibitors. With the two compounds added, the value of the double-layer capacitance was reduced. In the case of 20 × 10−5 M, they reached maximum efficiencies of 84.5% and 86.1%, respectively. Having studied its behavior during adsorption on copper, it was concluded that it follows chemical adsorption and Langmuir isotherm. The theoretical computations and the experimental findings were compared using density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations (MC)

Synthesis, Characterization, DFT, and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Neutral Co(II)/Pyrazole Complex, Catalytic Activity toward Catecholase and Phenoxazinone Oxidation

The pyrazole-pyridin-2-amine, as a tridentate pyrazole ligand, and its neutral Co(II)/pyrazole complex were prepared using a direct method with a high yield. The desired pyrazole ligand and its complex were subjected to several physicochemical and thermal analyses; moreover, the DFT-like optimization of MEP, HOMO/LUMO, and TD-DFT correlated well with their experimental relatives. Additionally, the oxidation catalytic activities of the Co(II)/pyrazole complex, such as the catecholase of catechol to o-quinone and the phenoxazinone of 2-aminophenol to 2-aminophenoxazinone, were also evaluated under mild RT conditions and atmospheric oxygen