Liquid membrane component selection for removal of phenol from simulated aqueous waste solution

Phenol is considered as one of the environmental pollutants in various industrial effluents that needs to be removed. One of the potential methods for the removal and recovery of phenol is the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. In order to prepare astable and efficient emulsion liquid membrane, selecting the components of the membrane is crucial to the process development. This research was conducted to investigate the feasibility of palm oil as an organic solvent in liquid membrane (LM) formulation for phenol extraction and to study the effects of several parameters which affect the extraction and recovery performance of phenol using liquid-liquid extraction. The feasibility of palm oil was investigated by manipulating the organic solvent used, either palm oil or a mixture of palm oil and kerosene. Several parameters such as type of carrier, carrier concentration, type of stripping agent and stripping agent concentration were varied during LM component selection. The results showed that mixed palm oil and kerosene provides a high potential as an organic solvent for the extraction of phenol. About 71% of phenol was extracted at a palm oil to kerosene ratio of 70:30 and assisted with shorter time of phase separation between loaded organic and phenol feed phase. The addition of 0.1M of TBP (tributyl phosphate) as a carrier increased the extraction of phenol to 86% and prevented the third phase formation. Meanwhile, 2M of sodium hydroxide was able to act as a stripping agent to recover 81% of the phenol from the overall process. It can be concluded that palm oil has shown great potential in extracting phenol and could be applied in an ELM process as a green solvent for an emulsion liquid membrane process

Effects of unstable torch flame for a fused single mode fiber

Coupled 1x2 Single Mode Fiber (SMF-28e®) is successfully fabricated using a slightly unstable torch flame at a temperature range 800-1350°C by injecting hydrogen gas flowing at pressure of 1 bar. The fiber structure and geometry are investigated for both core and cladding before and after fusion. Coupled fiber is studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Electron Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) System. The pulling length speed, coupling time, coupling coefficient and evolution of coupling ratio from 1% until 75% are examined to study the heating effects at the coupling region. The result shows that the core and cladding geometry of fiber are reduced 80-92%. Their structures are changed which are shown by the changes in the refractive indices. These phenomena have wide applications in industrial communications and sensors such as for optical switching and tunable filtering

Water level measurement via polymer-fiber Bragg grating sensor

In this paper, a new design of sensor head to monitor water level inside the tank based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was demonstrated. The sensor head consisted of an FBG placed under a very thin polymer plastic sheet layer. This sensor head acts as a sensitive diaphragm to sense water level based on hydrostatic pressure caused by the liquid weight. The hydrostatic pressure imposed on the sensor head produced strain in the embedded FBG, which caused a shift in Bragg wavelength detected by the optical spectrum analyzer. A calibration curve to relate liquid level and shift in the Bragg wavelength was constructed. A linear relationship between the shift in Bragg wavelength and the water level up to 70 cm height with a sensitivity of 2 pm/cm is achieved in this work

Comparison of water level measurement performance for two different types of diaphragm using fiber bragg grating based optical sensors

A sensor head incorporating a diaphragm was designed and fabricated for water level measurement. It operates in the range of 0-70 cm column height, equivalent to a pressure in atmospheric pressure of 0-6. 86 kPa. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was attached on the two types of diaphragm to detect the change in the hydrostatic pressure caused by water at different levels. The diaphragms performance by comparing the sensitivity in within the mentioned range. Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) was used to record the shift in the Bragg wavelength λB at different water level. The sensitivity of water level measurement using a silicone rubber diaphragm found to be 9.81 pm/cm for 70 cm in water level, while the sensitivity for polymer plastic diaphragm found to be 2 pm/cm at the same leve

Administration of waqf in Malaysia (with special reference to the state of Johore, Malacca, Penang and Selangor) / Nur Humairrah Abdul Rahman…[et al.]

The fundamental aim of this study is to examine whether the administration of waqf in Malaysia have been systemized with reference to four states in Malaysia, namely, Johore, Malacca, Selangor and Penang, well as some comparisons to the administration of waqf in Pakistan. We have done a study based o n interpretation of relevant s tatutes a s well as enactments on relevant states mentioned above. Interview have been conducted in order to obtain different views namely on the point of view legal scholars and Islamic Scholars. By this research we hope to increase awareness among the public regarding the institution of waqf

Chemical composition, pH value, and points of zero charge of high calcium and high iron electric arc furnace slag

Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag as filter media has been extensively used nowadays for wastewater treatment technology. Steel slag was produced as byproduct from steelmaking processes. However, different batches of steel slag production produce different composition. Thus, this study determined the chemical composition, pH value and points of zero charge (PZC) of two different samples of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag; high iron EAF slag (Slag HFe) and high calcium EAF slag (Slag HCa). The steel slag were characterized using Xray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) analysis for the chemical composition, extraction with boiling water for pH value, and salt addition method for PZC. Slag HFe was mainly consisted of 38.2% ferric oxide and 20.4% calcium oxide, 10.20 pH value and pH 10.55 for PZC. While for Slag HCa, they were composed of 1.64% ferric oxide and 49.5% calcium oxide of pH value of 11.11 and pH 11.75 for PZC. Therefore, Slag HCa was considered as a more basic species compared to Slag HFe

Structural and dielectric properties of boron-doped and un-doped mullite thin films

A sol–gel technique being simple, low cost and application oriented has been used to synthesize doped and un-doped mullite sols. These films have been spin-coated onto copper substrates. Effect of boron doping on the transformation kinetics of mullite was studied by preparing two sols with ratio Al/Si/B = 3/1/0 and Al/Si/B = 3/1/0.5. Surface morphology of thermally stable films showed uniformity in doped and un-doped samples. X-ray diffractometer results revealed orthorhombic mullite formation from both sols at a temperature of 500 °C for un-doped and at 350 °C for doped mullite films. Small crystallite size ~11 nm and low dielectric value ~5.84 (at 3 MHz) were observed in boron-doped films. Un-doped mullite films also showed relatively low dielectric constant, ~6.36, as compared to the previously reported values. The stoichiometry of films was confirmed by EDX and spark source mass spectrometry

Synergistic extractant for extraction of remazol orange 3R in liquid membrane formulation

Currently, various synthetic dyes are used in the textile industry and a lot of non-bonded dyes are released into the wastewater; increasing its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Liquid membrane process is one of the potential methods to eliminate these unwanted particles from the wastewater. The most crucial part of the liquid membrane process is its formulation; especially the extractant or carrier. In order to find a suitable extractant, liquid-liquid extraction process was carried out. The effect of synergistic extractant to extract the Remazol Orange 3R reactive dyes in a shorter time and at a lower concentration of extractant was investigated in this study. Several parameters have been studied such as extractant type, extractant concentration, synergist extractant type and synergist extractant concentration. The results show that, Remazol Orange 3R reactive dyes were extracted by tridodecylamine (TDA) as a base and trioctylamine (TOA) as a synergist extractant. Meanwhile, the salicyclic acid (SA) was used to protonate the TDA and TOA, and cooking palm oil was used as a diluent. The performance of extraction of reactive dyesat the 0.1 M concentration of extractant was 70% when synergistic system was applied compared to single extractant which was only 50% of the dyes have been extracted. Therefore, the synergistic extractant has a potential to be further utilised in liquid membrane studies on the extraction of reactive dyes

Feasibility Study of Monsoon Effect on Wave Power for Wave Energy Converter in Sabah, Malaysia

This paper presents a research to determine the effects of the Northeast Monsoon (NEM) and the Southwest Monsoon (SWM) on wave power along the coastal area of Mandi Darah Island, Sabah. This study identified the daily data of wave height and wave period for 6 months from June to December 2018. The following period was chosen because it consisted of two monsoon seasons in Sabah. The data obtained from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were thoroughly analyzed to estimate the wave height and the wave period to identify the wave power at Mandi Darah Island. The wave heights ranged from 0.01 m to 0.47 m while the wave periods ranged from 1.0 s to 8.6 s. The wave height range during the NEM was higher by 0.12 m than SWM, while the difference of wave period was significantly higher by 2.17 s during the NEM. The maximum wave power recorded at Mandi Darah Island was 1.57 kW/m throughout the period. During NEM, the wave power was significantly higher than during SWM, by 0.70 kW/m. These findings led to determining the wave energy type converter that suits the wave conditions at the Mandi Darah Island coastal area