Use of Photovoltaics in Microgrid as Energy Source and Control Method Using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Microgrid in power system has drawn wide attention due to its significant benefits in terms of sustainable energy system in recent years. This approach is the most economical alternative to conventional energy system which uses Renewable Energy (RE) resources. RE sources ensure pollution free and clean environment by emitting zero CO2. This paper proposes a design of a microgrid system using solar photovoltaics (PV) as the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and a controlling method for managing the components of microgrid by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results show that microgrid system is promising as alternative to replace the fossil fuel based energy system. Integration of an effective controller can help to manage the loads and resources, resulting in more stable and reliable.

Design of Pv in microgrid as energy source and control method using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Microgrid in power system has drawn attention widely for the major benefits in recent years. It is the most economical alternative to conventional energy system which uses Renewable Energy (RE) resources. RE sources ensure pollution free and clean environment by emitting zero CO2. In this paper, a microgrid system using solar photovoltaics (PV) as the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and a controlling method for managing the components of microgrid are designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results show that microgrid system is able to become as an alternative energy to replace the fossil fuel based energy system. Also by integrating an effective controller that able to manage the loads and the resources the system is more stable and reliable

Control strategies for microgrid with multiple distributed energy resources

Microgrid is considered as a smart solution to the global energy crisis and environmental issues these days for employing green technology. This is a small scale, usually renewable energy based distributed generation system which basically serves local users and does not require transmission lines. However, Microgrid needs a suitable control system to improve its efficiency and reliability to work as a standalone unit or as parallel connected unit with the main utility grid. For instance, renewable energy sources such as, Solar Photovoltaics and Wind Turbine depend on weather conditions thus result in output power fluctuation. In this case, a storage unit is essential that can provide back up during low generation period and can store outstanding energy at the time of less demand. In addition, integration of multiple distribution energy resources raises the energy generation of Microgrid sufficiently but increases complications in operations as well. Besides, a communication network is also vital in this case for information transfer within the sources and other components of the structure. Hence, a study related to advance control system to maintain a smart energy management incorporation with fault detection and self-healing aspects of Microgrid is presented in this research. The purpose of this project is to find out the most advantageous control techniques for Microgrid with multiple distributed energy resources which need to be user-friendly as well. Research shows that, Droop control techniques are beneficial for above requirements performing Decentralized control method where communication networks are not essential. Moreover, in this paper some MATLAB/SIMULINK based simulations are presented. Where a Microgrid is modelled that consists of distributed energy resources namely Photovoltaic, Wind turbine and Fuel cells. Finally, simulation results of different droop control techniques are presented and some discussions regarding tested techniques are enclosed

Optimization sizing and economic analysis for stand alone photovoltaic system with hydrogen storage

Photovoltaic system has a high potential in the future, since it is clean, environmental friendly and has secure energy sources. However, the intermittence behavior in photovoltaic resource due to their strong dependency on climatic and meteorological conditions made the essential of having energy storage as a backup power supply. This paper proposes a design steps in obtaining the optimal sizing of standalone photovoltaic system, which able to meet a pre-determined power load requirement close to its point of utilization. The keys of system design were, primarily, to satisfy a specific load demand that depends on the power generated from installed PV system and also to maintain hydrogen storage state of charge. A case study was conducted using Kuala Lumpur's meteorological data and typical rural area daily load profile of 2.215kWh. An economic analysis on the system was performed in order to determine system feasibility. The finding shows that the levelized cost of energy for proposed system is RM 1.98/kWh. However, the results of the study showed that if the same configuration is using AGM battery as back-up supply, the system cost is lower and more economically viable, unless the cost of hydrogen storage technologies significantly reduced in the future

Effect of dust physical on the performance of poly-crystalline PV module based on indoor experiment

Dust accumulation on PV module surface or known as soiling phenomenon is one of the environmental factors that contribute to PV module performance reduction. Its presence will reduce the absorbance of sunlight and the energy being converted into electricity. This issue has been discussed in various studies to highlight its impact on PV system performance and reliability when exposed under actual operating conditions. In addition, the surrounding environment, climate behaviour and rise in module temperature are other factors affect the PV energy output and these factors are unpredictable and difficult to justify. This paper presents an experimental-based approach to investigate the effect of soiling on PV module performance in a laboratory condition. The indoor experiment involved with accelerated artificial dust loading for testing dust physical property which is the density of dust accumulation, relative size and dust colour. The findings show that proliferation of soiling density has severe effect to the short circuit current (Isc) but minimal to open circuit voltage (Voc) reduction. On the dust particle relative size, the result has proven that the finer dust particle in soiling can reduce the PV module performance more than the coarser particle. Meanwhile, the brighter dust tones and colours are found to reduce module performance more than the darker one

Difference of PV Solar Farm Performance between Simulated Result with Actual M¬easurement under Climate Condition at Eastern Peninsular Malaysia

Estimation from simulation tool in feasibility study could be rarely achieved under real operating condition since it calculates the expected output power using algorithms embedded in the tools and synthetic solar irradiance data without considering environmental conditions at the actual site. The aim of this study is to identify the differences in performance between measured data and estimated values using HOMER and PVSyst and to develop a baseline system performance prior installation. A case study at the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia was conducted to examine the effect of climate condition on the performance of PV solar farm. Findings indicated that PV solar farm in Terengganu has generated 5,416,252.49kWh of energy in a year while the annual energy estimated by HOMER and PVSyst are 7,124,650.00kWh and 6,408,925.69kWh, respectively. This shows that the actual energy production is 15% and 24% lower than PVSyst and HOMER. Hence, baseline developed for PV solar farm at eastern region would comprise energy yield from 1,083.25kWh/kWp to 1,281.79kWh/kWp with 12% to 15% capacity factor and performance ratio from 73% to 78% in average. This baseline is useful for PV system integrator as a guideline and reference to estimate the PV system performance prior actual installation

Personal tax system: a comparison among Asean Commonwealth countries / Noor Hasimah M Yacob ... [et al.]

The primary purpose of taxation is to raise revenue for the country. A good, efficient and friendly tax system will raise more revenue to the government and will encourage a taxpayer to pay tax. Personal income tax is one of the taxes charged in every country for an individual taxpayer. The objectives of this study are to analyse and compare the difference between the personal tax system applied in Malaysia and other countries. The sample countries are chosen based on the list of Asean Commonwealth countries, namely Singapore, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The scopes of comparison are the scope of charge, determination of residence status, basis of assessment, types of income chargeable, tax rate, tax deductions, reliefs and rebates. The data is collected from the website of Inland Revenue of each sample countries based on 2017 and 2018’s rules and regulation. This study found that there is a difference between personal tax system applies in Malaysia and other study countries. However, Malaysia and Singapore have a quite a similar personal tax system regarding scope charge, types of income chargeable and reliefs available to a taxpayer. The findings of this study provide an input to the government and tax authorities in formulating tax policies. It also can be used by the public to get an idea regarding a personal taxation system among the sample countries and can help them to choose a tax haven country. This study is limited to the tax system applied for an individual having non-business income. It does not cover the taxability of business income and deduction for business expenses. This study can be extended to explore the taxability of business income and tax deduction for individual having business income

Analysis of energy and exergy for the flat plate solar air collector with longitudinal fins embedded in paraffin wax located in baghdad center

Latent heat of the fusion for the Phase changeable materials (PCM) can be utilized as heat energy store, and this energy can be employed in different applications. In present experimental work, effect of using the embedded longitudinal fins within the paraffin wax, on the energy and exergy performance for the solar air collector was investigated under the Baghdad governorate climate. Compared with the collector without paraffin wax, the results indicated that using of paraffin wax as a thermal storage material reduces the losses of energy and exergy of the collector, high levels of heat reduction by using PCM/Fins were about 33 and 40% respectively at the peak heat charging time (12:30 PM), while the decreasing in energy and exergy losses of the collector with PCM only was about 24 and 30% respectively at the same time of charging (12:30 PM). Due to the going of sum heat to store in the paraffin wax at the charging heat time, the energy along with exergy heat gains, while efficiencies were decreased with and without fins, this decreasing in the heat was the most by using PCM/Fins and it was around 30 and 44%, respectively for energy and exergy efficiencies, while it was about 20 and 31% by using PCM only at the same time of testing. The benefit of using embedded longitudinal fins in PCM is to enhance the thermal storage efficiency by about 6% compared with the solar collector that uses PCM only

An improved building load forecasting method using a combined least square support vector machine and modified artificial bee colony

This paper presents an improved building load forecasting method using a combined Least Square Support Vector Machine and modified Artificial Bee Colony. The main contribution of the proposed method is the improvement in the exploitation capability of the standard Artificial Bee Colony, in which a different probability selection has been introduced. This was achieved by changing the standard probability selection with the clonal selection algorithm. The results from two other methods were compared with the results from the proposed method to validate the performance of the proposed forecasting method. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated using the Mean Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error and Root Mean Square Error. It was found that the proposed method had improved the accuracy by more than 50 % compared to the other methods. The results of the study showed that the proposed method has great potential to be used as an accurate forecasting method