The quantification of urban litter load at gross pollutant trap along Sungai Batu, Selangor

The massive amount of urban litter in Malaysia is influenced by rapid population growth, development, economic growth and unsustainable lifestyles. Few studies have assessed the amount of urban litter load and its composition at gross pollutant trap (GPT), significantly contributing to lack of historical data. This study is aimed to assess the amount of urban litter load in wet basis condition at individual GPTs along Sungai Batu, Selangor in 2015. The urban litter collection data at each GPT in 2015 were sourced from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Samples were manually collected once a month, stored in plastic bag and immediately weighed and recorded by following the ASCE standard method. The result shows that the total amount of urban litter load in 2015 was 3761.72 kg/year (Mean ± SD; 313.4767 ± 141.9105 kg/year). In such situations, further study on urban litter load and its composition trapped at GPTs is urgently required as it is crucial to establish baseline data information during the decision making process, holistically improving stormwater management and urban litter management in Malaysia

Application of Frequency Analysis on Peak River Discharge toward the Cumulative Floatable Litter Load at Log Boom Sungai Batu

The accumulation of floatable litter in the river is mainly influenced by the increasing number of human population, rapid urbanization and development which indirectly lead to the changes of hydrological processes in river discharge, decreasing the water quality and aesthetical value of the river. The main objective of this paper is to determine the cumulative floatable litter load captured at the log boom during the extreme events by using the Gumbel distribution method for frequency analysis in river discharge of Sungai Batu. The annual maximum river discharge for a period of 35 years (1982 to 2016) was used in Gumbel distribution method to obtain the discharge for different return period (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200). The result shows that the estimated discharge (103.17 m³/s) can estimate the cumulative floatable litter load (53267.27 kg/day) at 50 years return period. The R2 value obtained from non – linear regression analysis is 0.9986 indicate that Gumbel distribution is suitable to predict the expected discharge of the river. This study is very crucial for the related agencies in highlighting this environmental issues for their future references which can be used as a guidelines during the decision making process in making better improvement

Prediction of floatable litter using hydrological response modeling at Sungai Batu catchment

The emergence of floatable litter in river system with vast quantity was remained as a challenge in environmental issue. The rapid developments have influenced the hydrological process and catchment characteristics. Indirectly, it will contribute to the high runoff generation during high rainfall intensity and extreme event. The significant impact of rainfall-runoff process toward the accumulation of floatable litter in river system was still hindered in Malaysia. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to predict the floatable litter load from hydrological response in upper part of Sungai Batu catchment, Selangor. The research on floatable litter sampling was conducted in two different periods and highly subjected to cleaning operation schedule. The floatable litter load was obtained through the bucket conveyer by employing the time interval approaches for every nth hour, where the floatable litter will be elevated based on the same time interval. The Guidelines on Solid Waste Composition and Characterization analysis from Department of Standards Malaysia and the American Society for Testing and Materials Standard test method (ASTM D5231) were used to determine the floatable litter composition captured at Floating Debris Boom (FDB) structure. Prior to exact date of floatable litter sampling, the 15-minutes interval of rainfall data have been used as an input in Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to simulate the rainfall– runoff processes in the catchment and Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCSCN) method to generate runoff. The flood frequency analysis for extreme event was performed in order to estimate the cumulative of floatable litter over the return period. Statistical analysis for accumulation of floatable litter load and its composition in two different periods was carried out, as well as their association with hydrological data where the correlation analysis between these two variables were conducted and assessed. The results revealed that the highest accumulation of floatable litter load was 711434.44 kg/km²/day. In terms of compositions, the plastic and organic waste load were the highest load with 21505.20 kg/km²/day during first sampling and 12222.48 kg/km²/day during second sampling, respectively. In this study, the mean percentage of runoff generations derived from rainfall events prior to the floatable litter collection during first sampling and second sampling were 49.95% and 48.77%, respectively. The runoff generations have a major potential in transporting the floatable litter towards the downstream area until being intercepted by FDB structure. This condition can be proved as there were highly correlated between cumulative floatable litter loads and cumulative runoff generation during first sampling with R² = 0.9572, r = 0.978 (p<0.01); and second sampling with R² = 0.9806, r = 0.990 (p<0.01). During the extreme event, the estimated discharge derived from Gumbel distribution method was 52.58 m3/s where it can estimate about 408352.83 kg/km²/day of the cumulative floatable litter load at 5 years return period. The capability to predict the accumulation of floatable litter load captured by FDB structure based on annual peak discharge data which can be served as the main knowledge contribution in this study

Community participation on solid waste segregation through recycling programmes in Putrajaya

Recycling programmes have been conducted by various stakeholders including Government sector and private sector to reduce waste generation from being disposed into the landfill. The objectives of this study was identifying the correlation between the community participation in recycling programme and community attitude and their knowledge on solid waste segregation. The fully structured questionnaires were filled in by 382 respondents through random sampling. The result shows that there was a weak and positive correlation between community participation in recycling programme with community attitude on solid waste segregation, r = 0.343; and community knowledge on solid waste segregation, r = 0.251. Policy review by Government is highly recommended to identify the factors that can influence more community participation in recycling programme

Morphometric analysis of upstream Sungai Batu catchment in Selangor, Malaysia using geographical information system (GIS)

The evaluation of morphometric analysis was conducted in upstream Sungai Batu catchment with the total area 24.40 km 2. The GIS application used as a tool to generate drainage network from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (30m) and obtains reliable information of linear, areal and relief morphometric parameters towards the hydrological responses. Results show that the study area is 4 th order catchment having 99 total streams, indicate the lower stream order. The study area is having elongated shape with high permeability surface, high infiltration rates and moderate surface runoff. The moderate runoff condition is highly associated with lower erosion and sediment transport capacities and tend to form a floods diminution due to the flow from tributaries into the main stream which require greatest basin lag time to peak discharge. The GIS application in morphometric study is very efficient tool for better understanding in terms of the several morphometric parameters and terrain parameters such a surface runoff, capacity of infiltration and lithology which are valuable and act as a guidance for decision makers to make sustainable development in watershed planning, management and mitigation measure control

Application of Frequency Analysis on Peak River Discharge toward the Cumulative Floatable Litter Load at Log Boom Sungai Batu

The accumulation of floatable litter in the river is mainly influenced by the increasing number of human population, rapid urbanization and development which indirectly lead to the changes of hydrological processes in river discharge, decreasing the water quality and aesthetical value of the river. The main objective of this paper is to determine the cumulative floatable litter load captured at the log boom during the extreme events by using the Gumbel distribution method for frequency analysis in river discharge of Sungai Batu. The annual maximum river discharge for a period of 35 years (1982 to 2016) was used in Gumbel distribution method to obtain the discharge for different return period (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200). The result shows that the estimated discharge (103.17 m³/s) can estimate the cumulative floatable litter load (53267.27 kg/day) at 50 years return period. The R2 value obtained from non – linear regression analysis is 0.9986 indicate that Gumbel distribution is suitable to predict the expected discharge of the river. This study is very crucial for the related agencies in highlighting this environmental issues for their future references which can be used as a guidelines during the decision making process in making better improvement

Application of frequency analysis on peak river discharge toward the cumulative floatable litter load at log boom Sungai Batu

The accumulation of floatable litter in the river is mainly influenced by the increasing number of human population, rapid urbanization and development which indirectly lead to the changes of hydrological processes in river discharge, decreasing the water quality and aesthetical value of the river. The main objective of this paper is to determine the cumulative floatable litter load captured at the log boom during the extreme events by using the Gumbel distribution method for frequency analysis in river discharge of Sungai Batu. The annual maximum river discharge for a period of 35 years (1982 to 2016) was used in Gumbel distribution method to obtain the discharge for different return period (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200). The result shows that the estimated discharge (103.17 m³/s) can estimate the cumulative floatable litter load (53267.27 kg/day) at 50 years return period. The R 2 value obtained from non – linear regression analysis is 0.9986 indicate that Gumbel distribution is suitable to predict the expected discharge of the river. This study is very crucial for the related agencies in highlighting this environmental issues for their future references which can be used as a guidelines during the decision making process in making better improvement