4 research outputs found

    A critical study of various methods used to identify intellectually gifted Malay children

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    In chapter 1, the discussion is focussed on the underlying reason for the introduction of the education programme for the gifted in Malaysia and the need to undertake this study. The review of literature on the concept of giftedness, procedures and the measures used to identify intellectually gifted is presented in chapter 2.Almost all measures used to identify intellectually gifted have been developed in the USA and the UK, so,they have had to be translated to Malay and pretested. Thus, in chapter 3, the stability and to some extend the validity of the Malay version of these measures are presented. The Malay version measures are found to have similar ability as the original version.Since the criterion of intellectual giftedness is high IQ, an individual intelligence test has to be administered and this will limit the number and the representativeness of the sample. The possibility of screening the  respondents and the procedure used to collect the data is detailed in chapter 4. The descriptive statistics that served as a basis for further analyses are presented in chapter 5.The effectiveness of the current or conventional procedure of using a grade from a public achievement test and categorization of test score is evaluated in chapter 6. Having found that the conventional procedure is not effective, multiple regression and discriminant function analyses are conducted to find the predictor(s) of giftedness and its the effectiveness especially in term of reducing false positives and false negatives. On the basis of these findings, presented in Chapter 7, a multi-stage procedure of identifying intellectually gifted Malay children can be developed by education authorities in Malaysia.In chapter 8, the main findings of the study is summarized and the establishment of longitudinal validation study is proposed

    Marketing Mix Influence on Consumer Buying Behavior: A Case Study on the Cosmetics Industry

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    Purpose: This purpose of this manuscript is to study the effect of marketing mix on consumer purchasing behaviour in the context of the Malaysian cosmetics sector.   Theoretical framework: The conceptual model for this study was developed based on previous research in the field of consumer behaviour and marketing globally. The conceptual model has four variables that affects consumer purchasing behaviour   Design/methodology/approach: A survey instrument in the form of a structured questionnaire was designed based on a careful review of pertinent literature. This study collected empirical data from 240 respondents of cosmetic customers. Multiple regression is used to test the significance of the research model.   Findings: Promotion and location are significant predictors of consumer behaviour. Promotion and location have a substantial impact on customer purchase behaviour in the local cosmetics business, although goods and price have no significance effect   Research, Practical & Social implications:The implication drawn from this study aids marketing managers to focus their resource on the key variables that consumer buying behaviour.   Originality/value: This study contributes information to the academia and practitioners on marketing factors that can improve the sales performance and give the organization a competitive advantage in the marketplace

    A critical study of various methods used to identify intellectually gifted Malay children

    Get PDF
    In chapter 1, the discussion is focussed on the underlying reason for the introduction of the education programme for the gifted in Malaysia and the need to undertake this study. The review of literature on the concept of giftedness, procedures and the measures used to identify intellectually gifted is presented in chapter 2.Almost all measures used to identify intellectually gifted have been developed in the USA and the UK, so,they have had to be translated to Malay and pretested. Thus, in chapter 3, the stability and to some extend the validity of the Malay version of these measures are presented. The Malay version measures are found to have similar ability as the original version.Since the criterion of intellectual giftedness is high IQ, an individual intelligence test has to be administered and this will limit the number and the representativeness of the sample. The possibility of screening the  respondents and the procedure used to collect the data is detailed in chapter 4. The descriptive statistics that served as a basis for further analyses are presented in chapter 5.The effectiveness of the current or conventional procedure of using a grade from a public achievement test and categorization of test score is evaluated in chapter 6. Having found that the conventional procedure is not effective, multiple regression and discriminant function analyses are conducted to find the predictor(s) of giftedness and its the effectiveness especially in term of reducing false positives and false negatives. On the basis of these findings, presented in Chapter 7, a multi-stage procedure of identifying intellectually gifted Malay children can be developed by education authorities in Malaysia.In chapter 8, the main findings of the study is summarized and the establishment of longitudinal validation study is proposed

    Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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    BackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050.MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]).InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p
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