A review of the most important native medicinal plants of Iran effective on diarrhea

Diarrhea is an intestinal disease which is developed because of malabsorption of ions, solutes, and water or increased release of electrolytes which leads to water accumulation in duct. Diarrhea also is defined as over 200 g stool per day which is usually reported as decreased consistency of stool from clinical perspective. In this review article, we sought to report the medicinal plants that are used as antidiarrheal agents according to the traditional medicine and ethnobotany of different provinces of Iran. The relevant articles, books, and documents about Iranian traditional medicine were searched for by the words, diarrhea, ethnobotany, and medicinal plants, in domestic and international databases including International Sciences Institute, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Islamic World Science Citation Center. Achillea eriophora DC, Rhus coriaria L, Satureja hortensis, Agrimonia eupatoria L, Geum urbanum L, Artemisia sieberi Besser, Lonicera nummulariifolia, Jaub. & Spach, Rhus coriaria L, Achillea eriophora, Descurainia sophia, Fumaria parviflora, Rhamnus protrata, Amaranthus paniculatus L, Bunuim persicum, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Phoneix dactylifera L, Ornithogalum persicum, Berberis vulgaris L, Descurainia sophia, Elaeagnus angustifolia L, Organumvulgare L, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Stachis lavandulifolia L, Astragalus adscendens Boiss. & Hausskn, Faba vulgaris Moenchris, Medicago sativa L, Rumex pulcher L, Zizyphus spina-christi L. Willd, Crataegus curvisepala Lindm, Amaranthus retroflexus L, Nigella sativa L, Plantago psyllium L, Conyza canadensis (L) Cronq, Lythrum salicaria L, Sisymbrium irio L, Thymus daenensis celak, Achillea santolina, Chamomilla recutita L, Cydonia blonga Mill, Cuminum cyminum L, Allium cepa L, Elaeagnus angustifolia L, Mentha pulegium L, Viola tricolor L, Rumex crispus L, Punica granatum L, Plantago lanceolata Soejarto, Ocimum basilicum L, Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Rhus coriaria L, Cornus mas L, Urtica dioica L, Salix aegyptiaca L,Gundelia tournefortii L, Quercus brantii Lindl were reported to be some of the antidiarrheal plants of Iran. Because diarrhea may be developed by fungal, bacterial, viral, and non-infectious causes and many of the plants reported in this study contain antioxidant, pharmaceutically bioactive compounds, including flavones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and anthocyanins, then these plants can be investigated in the studies on treatments for diarrhea to produce nature-based and effective drugs used for this common disease with fewer side effects than chemical drugs

A review of the most important native medicinal plants of Iran effective on gastric acid

Gastrointestinal diseases such as gastric acid hypersecretion are highly prevalent. Gastrointestinal diseases manifest frequently with gastric and duodendal ulcers, gastritis, and dyspepsia which are due to impaired gastric acid secretion. Given the frequency of developing gastrointestinal diseases such as gastric acid hypersecretion and consequently gastric ulcer, the aim of this review article is to report the native medicinal plants of Iran that are used to decrease or neutralize gastric acid. Ziziphora clinopodioidesl, Achillea wilhelmsii, Allium sativum, Amirkabiria odoratissim, Heracleum persicum L. and Medicago sativa are the most native medicinal plants of Iran used to treat gastric acid hypersecretion. Certain compounds such as pulegon, cisisopulegon, cineol, thymol, alpha and betapinene, piperitenone, terpenoids, flavonoids, allicin, tannin, terpenoids, saponin, sterol, and leucoanthocyanin, 3, 4, and 7-trihydroxy flavonol, caffeic acid, and fetalid existing in these plants may be the main agents for reducing gastric acid

The antibacterial activity of chitosan between different extraction method

his survey described the relation between chitosan extraction methods and the antibacterial activity. Chitosan were extracted from shrimp waste according to the conventional method. But in step of deprotenisation, three process acid, alkaline, and enzyme extraction was used. The extracted chitosan evaluated by inhibition of bacterial growth against current foodborne bacteria. Therefore, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are used to study the antimicrobial activity. These results demonstrated that good results can be achieved by enzymatic and alkaline treatment. Subject to economic advantages, alkaline can replace the other methods

Protective effects of melatonin and ghrelin on spermatogenesis: A narrative review of the literature

Spermatocytogenesis starts from lumens of seminiferous cords and after migration to the basal membrane ends to the lumens again. We attempt to review the protective effects of melatonin and ghrelin on Spermatocytogenesis and in particular on spermatogonial stem cells, as two rather newly-discovered hormones. Testicular freezing prior to chemotherapy and radiotherapy is one of the ways of preserving fertility in children with cancer. The freezing has two methods of slow-freezing (cryopreservation) and rapid-freezing (vitrification). Administration of melatonin can maintain the quality of the germ cells underwent such processes, as well as ghrelin, can protect germ cells from the toxicities secondary to ischemic injuries, and pathologic apoptosis. This review indicates that in vitro or in vivo administration of melatonin or ghrelin, could be effective to preserve fertilization and also they can be used in assisted reproductive technologies to improve the quality of sperms. Future original studies should be propelled toward human studies, of course with observing the ethic