Stock prices and monetary policy: An impulse response analysis

This paper analyses the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market with the aim of gaining new insights into the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The empirical findings shed light on the importance of stock prices for money demand and therefore provide useful nformation to monetary authorities deciding on policy actions. A technique developed by Wickens and Motto (2001) for identifying shocks by estimating a VECM for the endogenous variables is employed. The reported evidence suggests that stock markets play a significant role in the money demand function

The Asymmetric Effects Of A Common Monetary Policy In Europe

This paper examines the monetary transmission mechanism in eight EU member states. It provides useful empirical evidence for assessing the impact of a common monetary policy in the early stages of EMU, and enables us to form a view on how the regime change represented by EMU is likely to be translated into changes in policy multipliers in the various EU countries. The empirical analysis applies techniques recently developed by Wickens and Motto (2001) for identifying shocks by estimating a VECM for the endogenous variables, and a stationary VAR in first differences for the exogenous variables. Our findings suggest that there are significant differences between EU countries in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy

Association between the energy and emission prices: An analysis of EU emission trading system

Previous studies have focused on the co-movements between the prices of different types of energy and, to some extent, the co-movements between the energy and financial assets prices, falling short of analysing the co-movements between the different types of energy and emission price. In this study, using the daily data from November 2007–31st October 2017 on quotes of Brent Crude oil and Natural Gas spot returns and quotes of the EU-ETS spots, we employed a time-varying copulas connection function to assess the risk dependency relationship between ETS and energy prices. The results show that there is an asymmetry dependence change rule between ETS, oil and gas spot index, with the correlation of the lower tail significantly higher than that of the upper tail. These findings indicate that, with the use of time-varying SJC Copulas model, economic agents can control investment risk and forecast abnormal fluctuations in oil price

Antifungal and Antihepatotoxic Effects of Sepia Ink Extract against Oxidative Stress as a Risk Factor of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Neutropenic Mice.

Background: There is a great need for novel strategies to overcome the high mortality associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in immunocompromised patients. To evaluate the antifungal and antihepatotoxic potentials of Sepia ink extract, its effect on liver oxidative stress levels was analyzed against IPA in neutropenic mice using amphotercin B as a reference drug.Materials and Methods: Eighty neutropenic infected mice were randomly assigned into four main groups. The 1st group was treated with saline, neutropenic infected (NI), the 2nd group was treated with ink extract (200 mg/kg) (IE) and the 3rd group was treated with amphotericin B (150 mg/kg) (AMB) and 4th group was treated with IE plus AMB. Treatment was started at 24 h after fungal inoculation (1×109 conidia/ml).Results: The present study revealed good in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of IE against A. fumigatus. IE significantly reduced hepatic fungal burden and returns liver function and histology to normal levels. Compared with the untreated infected group, mice in the IE, AMB, and IE+ AMB groups had increased glutathione reduced (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at 24 and 72 h after inoculation with A. fumigatus conidia.Conclusion: It is then concluded that in combination with antifungal therapy (AMB), IE treatment can reduce hepatic fungal burden, alleviate hepatic granulomatous lesions and oxidative stress associated with IPA in neutropenic mice.Key words: Neutropenia; Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; Amphotericin B; Antifungal; Sepia ink extract; Oxidative stress

Operational Aspect of the Policy Coordination for Financial Stability: Role of Jeffreys-Lindley’s Paradox in Operations Research

This study analyses the implications of Jeffery-Lindley’s paradox and Global Financial Crisis (GFC) for the operational aspect of macroeconomic policy coordination for financial stability. Using a Bayesian Vector Auto-regressive (BVAR) model and data from Jan 1985 to June 2016, our key findings suggest that the claim of macroeconomic policy interaction, interdependence and significance of coordinated policy operations for the financial stability holds its ground. The argument in the support for policy coordination for financial stability was found to be robust against the Jeffreys-Lindley’s paradox and in the Post-GFC era. A profound practical, operational and philosophical implication of this study is the positive aspects of Jeffreys-Lindley’s paradox and the possibility of employing the Frequentist and Bayesian estimation techniques as complementing rather competing frameworks

Macroeconomic Policies Interaction & the Symmetry of Financial Markets' Responses

This concise study analyses the symmetry of financial markets` responses to macroeconomic policy interaction in the United Kingdom. Employing the Vector Auto-regression (VAR) model on monthly data of the British financial sector and macroeconomic policies from January 1985 to August 2008, this study found that the equity and sovereign debt markets showed identical symmetry in response to macroeconomic policy interaction

In Silico Investigation of the Binding of MCoTI-II Plant Defense Knottin to the γ-NGF Serine Protease of the 7S Nerve Growth Factor Complex and Biological Activity of Its NGF Mimetic Properties

Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an endogenously produced polypeptide that promotes the differentiation, survival, and repair of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. While trophic proteins hold promise for the treatment of neuronal injury and disease, use of NGF is limited by its large molecular weight, lack of permeability through the blood-brain barrier, and peripheral side effects. Previously, we found that an extract of the Momordica cochinchinensis seed stimulated PC-12 neurite outgrowth. Bioactivity-guided fractioning of the seed extract suggested that the NGF mimetic agent was one of few defined proteins from this plant: one group being the defense Knottins and the other group of the lowest mass is the potent trypsin inhibitor MCoTI-II. Here, the NGF mimetic potential of this latter protein was investigated using two concurrent but different approaches. A biological study used recombinant purified MCoTI-II, which when tested in rat PC-12 cells grown on collagen, failed to initiate outgrowth relative to the positive control 7S NGF. In a separate computational study, the possibility was investigated such that MCoTI-II could exert an effect through binding to the serine protease γ-NGF subunit of the 7S NGF complex, analogous to its binding to its native receptor trypsin. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that MCoTI-II can bind stably to γ-NGF for >350 ns. Modeling indicated that this interaction could sterically inhibit 7S NGF complex formation, potentially altering the equilibrium between inactive complexed and free active NFG protein. In conclusion, the biological study now excludes the MCoTI-II protein as the NGF mimetic factor in the Momordica extract, an important and required step to identify the active component in this seed. On the other hand, the theoretical study has revealed a novel observation that may be of use in the development of strategies to affect NGF activity

Situating human rights in the context of fishing rights – Contributions and contradictions

Human rights have become a salient topic in fisheries governance. There is an increasing call to operationalize human rights principles in management practices. Enthusiastically, human rights-related language has proliferated in policy texts and academic discourses, but seldom with precise understanding. This deficiency can create confusion and conflation on-the-ground, and is likely nowhere more pertinent than at the intersection of human rights and fishing rights with both converging on the application of rights. By applying a legal, applied perspective, this paper advances two aims. First, it distinguishes and clarifies key terms involved in a human rights-based approach, including human right, customary fishing right and constitutionally protected right to fish. Secondly, it exposes dilemmas that can arise when human rights and fishing rights are brought together in situations of rights allocation, that is, universality of human rights vs. exclusivity of fishing rights; rights versus attendant duties; prioritizing amongst competing human-cum-fishing rights; and individual vs. communal rights. Together, we submit that the human rights-based approach to fisheries will be most effective when a human rights-based approach is used to support (1) communal fishing rights rather than individual rights, assuming the community strives to ensure the basic dignity of all members by distributing fishing rights in a manner consistent with human rights principles, and (2) the fishing rights of small-scale fisheries against those of larger industrial fleets, rather than using it between two small-scale fishing groups. We illustrate these essential clarifications by drawing on contemporary examples from the Global South and North

Estimating the viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity when complicated with periapical lesions

Background: The oral cavity represents a main entrance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are essential for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cells. Both ACE-2 and NRP-1 receptors and TMPRSS2 have been identified in the oral cavity. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of periapical lesions and their metabolites on the expression of these critical genes. This study aims to measure the impact of periapical lesions and their unique fatty acids (FAs) metabolites on the expression of the aforementioned genes, in addition to interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene and hence SARS-CoV-2 infection loads can be estimated. Methods: Gene expression of ACE-2, NRP-1, TMPRSS2, and IL-6 was performed in periapical lesions in comparison to healthy oral cavity. Since FAs are important immunomodulators required for the lipid synthesis essential for receptors synthesis and viral replication, comparative FAs profiling was determined in oral lesions and healthy pulp tissues using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The effect of major identified and unique FAs was tested on mammalian cells known to express ACE-2, NRP-1, and TMPRSS2 genes. Results: Gene expression analysis indicated that ACE-2, NRP-1, and TMPRSS2 were significantly upregulated in healthy clinical samples compared to oral lesions, while the reverse was true with IL-6 gene expression. Saturated and monounsaturated FAs were the major identified shared and unique FAs, respectively. Major shared FAs included palmitic, stearic and myristic acids with the highest percentage in the healthy oral cavity, while unique FAs included 17-octadecynoic acid in periapical abscess, petroselinic acid and l-lactic acid in periapical granuloma, and 1-nonadecene in the radicular cyst. Computational prediction showed that the binding affinity of identified FAs to ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and S protein were insignificant. Further, FA-treated mammalian cells showed significant overexpression of ACE-2, NRP-1 and TMPRSS2 genes except with l-lactic acid and oleic acid caused downregulation of NRP-1 gene, while 17-octadecynoic acid caused insignificant effect. Conclusion: Collectively, a healthy oral cavity is more susceptible to viral infection when compared to that complicated with periapical lesions. FAs play important role in viral infection and their balance can affect the viral loads. Shifting the balance towards higher levels of palmitic, stearic and 1-nonadecene caused significant upregulation of the aforementioned genes and hence higher viral loads. On the other hand, there is a reverse correlation between inflammation and expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors. Therefore, a mouth preparation that can reduce the levels of palmitic, stearic and 1-nonadecene, while maintaining an immunomodulatory effect can be employed as a future protection strategy against viral infection

Comparative Metabolomics Reveals the Microenvironment of Common T-Helper Cells and Differential Immune Cells Linked to Unique Periapical Lesions

Periapical abscesses, radicular cysts, and periapical granulomas are the most frequently identified pathological lesions in the alveolar bone. While little is known about the initiation and progression of these conditions, the metabolic environment and the related immunological behaviors were examined for the first time to model the development of each pathological condition. Metabolites were extracted from each lesion and profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in comparison with healthy pulp tissue. The metabolites were clustered and linked to their related immune cell fractions. Clusters I and J in the periapical abscess upregulated the expression of MMP-9, IL-8, CYP4F3, and VEGF, while clusters L and M were related to lipophagy and apoptosis in radicular cyst, and cluster P in periapical granuloma, which contains L-(+)-lactic acid and ethylene glycol, was related to granuloma formation. Oleic acid, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-nonadecene, and L-(+)-lactic acid were significantly the highest unique metabolites in healthy pulp tissue, periapical abscess, radicular cyst, and periapical granuloma, respectively. The correlated enriched metabolic pathways were identified, and the related active genes were predicted. Glutamatergic synapse (16–20),-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, lipophagy, and retinoid X receptor coupled with vitamin D receptor were the most significantly enriched pathways in healthy control, abscess, cyst, and granuloma, respectively. Compared with the healthy control, significant upregulation in the gene expression of CYP4F3, VEGF, IL-8, TLR2 (P < 0.0001), and MMP-9 (P < 0.001) was found in the abscesses. While IL-12A was significantly upregulated in cysts (P < 0.01), IL-17A represents the highest significantly upregulated gene in granulomas (P < 0.0001). From the predicted active genes, CIBERSORT suggested the presence of natural killer cells, dendritic cells, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in different proportions. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphisms related to IL-10, IL-12A, and IL-17D genes were shown to be associated with periapical lesions and other oral lesions. Collectively, the unique metabolism and related immune response shape up an environment that initiates and maintains the existence and progression of these oral lesions, suggesting an important role in diagnosis and effective targeted therapy