Euphorbia royleana, a botanical pesticide affects ultimobranchial gland of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis

Heteropneustes fossilis were subjected to high and low doses of the latex of Euphorbia royleana for short-term and long-term exposures, respectively. The blood was analyzed for plasma calcium levels, and the ultimobranchial glands fixed and examined. Serum calcium levels declined after 48 h following short-term exposure, and this decrease continued until the end of the experiment. The ultimobranchial cells exhibited a decrease in the cytoplasmic staining response after 96 h following treatment, and the nuclear volumes slightly decreased. Chronically exposed fish also exhibited a decline in serum calcium levels, but much later, on day 7, again progressively declining until the close of the experiment. Up to day 14 following treatment there was no change in histological structure of the ultimobranchial glands, but then there was a decrease in nuclear volume and the cytoplasm displayed a weak staining response. There was some vacuolization and degeneration.Keywords: Botanicals, calcitonin, calcium, teleos

PHARMACOVIGILANCE: A REVIEW ARTICLE

Pharmacovigilance (Pv) is an important tool for the safety and ensuring that the patients are safe in every aspect of the drugs being taken in any form. India as a growing part in pharmacovigilance and their activities is still in its nascent stage, there is a lot to be done in the field of Pharmacovigilance, in ensuring that the safe implementation of the activities. There is still a major part that goes underreporting in India. It has been reported that the number of patients dying because of contrary effects of drugs per year increased upto 2.6-fold. Moreover, rates of hospitalization of patients are increasing owing to adverse effects of drugs, and it becomes a challenge to find out the exact drugs causing the ADR's when a patient in treated with multiple drugs simultaneously. In the review we will explore the different types of assessment scale to do the ADR assessment and to find its causative agents.Key Words- Pharmacovigilance, Adverse Drug Reactions

Prolactin cells of a teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis, intoxicated with Metacid-50

The fish Heteropneustes fossilis were subjected to 5.28 mg/L (80% of 96 h LC50) and 1.32 mg/L (20% of 96 h LC50) solution of Metacid-50 (active ingredient methyl-parathion) for short-term (96 h) and long-term (28 days), respectively. H. fossilis exposed for short-term (96 h) to sublethal concentration of Metacid-50 exhibited a marked decrease in plasma calcium level. In short-term experiment, no change was noticed throughout the experiment in the histological structure and nuclear volume of prolactin cells of Metacid-50 treated fish. The chronical exposure of fish for long-term to Metacid-50-provoked hypocalcaemia. Up to 14 days there was no histological change in the prolactin cells of Metacid-50-exposed fish. After 21 days these cells exhibited slight degranulation. However, the nuclear volume remained unchanged. The prolactin cellsexhibited further degranulation and the nuclear volume recorded an increase following 28 days Metacid-50 exposure. At some places, vacuolization and cytolysis were also observed. Keywords: Prolactin cells, Organophosphate, catfish, plasma calcium, Metacid-50; methyl-parathion. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. Vol. 2 (3) 2008: pp. 339-34

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Not AvailableIndia is considered the home of mango cultivation and is the highest contributor to the global mango production. However, India has low productivity because of the lack of understanding of the genomic complexity of regular bearing habit, fruit quality, and yield-related traits. In the present investigation, 17 critical pomological traits in mango were mapped through genome-wide association mapping using the generalized linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) approaches. Significant phenotypic variability in the selected traits was observed in 60 mango varieties, which indicated the suitability of these varieties for association studies. Genotyping of the varieties was performed using 87 polymorphic genic-simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Population structure analysis performed using the genotyping data revealed three distinct sub-populations that corroborated with the geographical origin of the varieties. Subsequently, the association analysis performed using the GLM identified 23 genic-SSR markers associated with 13 different pomological traits. However, only five genic-SSR markers were associated with six different pomological traits in MLM approach. The A and C alleles of the MSSR 190 locus were significantly associated with fruit diameter, pulp: stone ratio and fruit weight with significant phenotypic variance, and the B allele of the MSSR 146 locus was associated with fruit length and fruit width in both the GLM and MLM approaches with a high amount of phenotypic variance. The ranges of phenotypic variation explained by the associated loci were 13.18–42.39 and 13.31–27.34% in the GLM and MLM approaches, respectively. Extensive phenotypic and genotypic characterization of mango varieties, population structure, and markers associated with critical traits provided in this study will facilitate marker-assisted improvement programs in mango.Not Availabl

CHEMICAL LEUCODERMA: INDIAN SCENARIO, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT

Chemical leucoderma is an industrial disorder in developed countries and the common causative chemicals are phenols and catechols. Due to stringent controls and preventive measures the incidence has come down. In the recent past various chemicals in consumer products have also been documented to produce depigmentation. In India due to lax quality control measures chemical leucoderma due to consumer items is not uncommon.The various consumer items documented to cause contact depigmentation are sticker bindis, rain shoes, plastic chappals, hair dye/ black henna(kali mehndi), alta, wallets and even mobile plastic covers