Predicting the capability of oxidized cnw adsorbents for the remediation of copper under optimal operating conditions using rsm and ann models

Metal pollutants such as copper released into the aqueous environment have been increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities. Adsorption-based treatment technologies offer opportunities to remediate metal pollutants from municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the capability of modified cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) adsorbents for the remediation of copper from water matrices under realistic conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. Considerations for design and application to remediate Cu(II) from wastewater by developing a continuous flow experiment are described in this study. However, the physical structure of modified CNW adsorbents renders them unsuitable for use in column operation. Therefore, a more detailed study of the mechanical properties of CNW adsorbents would be necessary in order to improve the strength and stability of the adsorbents. This work has demonstrated that modified CNW are promising adsorbents to remediate copper from water matrices under realistic conditions including wastewater complexity and variability. The use of models to predict the test parameter system and account for matrix variability when evaluating CNW adsorbents for remediating Cu from a real-world wastewater matrix may also provide the foundation for assessing other treatment technologies in the future

Lombok, Indonesia Earthquake: What Happened and Why?

Earthquake can occur when any sudden shaking of the ground that can cause by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The vital fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust [1]. Seismic wave is a vibration that created by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and propagated within the Earth or along its surface [2]. Seismic waves can produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and “slip” [1]

A study of reverse osmosis reject water at Bukit Gambir, Tangkak Haemodialysis Centre

Water is categorized by their few aspects according to the specific feature and it function usage in a certain compatible condition. Yet with rapidly population growth increasing around the world by about 85 million per year, the accessibility for fresh water supply per persons keep declining [1]. The increasing clean water demand causes the increasing environmental risks, costs and economic exploitation as it may disturb surrounding nature which leads into the more distant sources or greater depth. At this state, the minimization of waste water produce should be focused on to prevent it become worsen

Awareness on 3R practice: a case study at UTHM Pagoh residential college

Solid waste can be defined as any scrap material; or unwanted surplus substance; or rejected products arising from the application of any process [1]. This also includes any substance required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. Over the years, the problems of solid waste generation are increasing all over the world. In the year 2016, cities around the world generated 2.01 billion tonnes of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person per day [2]. With rapid population growth and urbanisation, the annual waste generation is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tonnes by year 2050. The same trend can be seen in Malaysia. The waste generation rate in this country has been steadily increasing from 12.3 million tonnes in year 2013 to 13.9 million tonnes in year 2018 [3]. This amount is expected to increase to 14.4 million tonnes by year 2020

Removal of Dyes From Textile Industry Using Cellulose Nanowhiskers From Acacia Mangium

There are more than 10,000 commercially available dyes with over 7 × 105 tonnes of dye stuff produced annually. It is estimated that 2 % of dyes produced annually is discharged in effluents from associated industries. Among various industries, textile industry ranks first in usage of dyes for coloration of fiber. The total dye consumption of the textile industry worldwide is in excess of 107 kg/year and an estimated 90 % of this ends up on fabrics [1]. The discharged of colored effluent impose negative result for both toxicological and esthetical reasons. Dyes which are chemically and photolytically stable are highly persistent in natural environment. Wastewater treatment in textile and dye industry mainly involved in treatment of highly colored wastewater containing variety of dyes in different concentrations. The wastewater needs to be treated prior to discharge by removing dye color in order to protect environment and as per the statutory guidelines

The removal of carbon/nitrogen in continuous reactor

The secondary wastewater treatment is process after primary wastewater treatment which is this process can more removal the suspended solid in wastewater. This treatment involves the biological process to remove the suspended solid in wastewater, which is consume the organic impurities as food, converting them into carbon dioxide, water, and energy for their own growth and reproduction. The secondary treatment objectives are to reducing the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the effluent's suspended solids to appropriate levels. But in some case of wastewater need an advance treatment to reduce the level of contaminant especially nitrogen and carbon

Surface water treatment by using biosand filter and hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves as heavy metal adsorption in Kangkar Senangar’s River, Johor

Water is our most precious natural resource. In this case study which is in the Kangkar Senangar Johor, many rural communities also drink surface water which does not meet the required quality standards, causing serious health problems. From the interview with the Village Head, they also didn’t have enough source of water supply. They only use groundwater as their water source to complete daily life task. Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis (HRS) leaves, as one of the well-known plant agricultural waste, a natural adsorbent, to remove iron (Fe) from aqueous solution by adsorption was investigated. In the present study, the potential adsorption of heavy metal was tested by different amount of adsorbent dosages as the factor affecting adsorption. Characterization of adsorbent was done by the means FTIR analysis to observe for the functional groups available on the adsorbent. Sorption was most efficient by using 0.60g of dosage with 200ml of water sample that taken from Kangkar Senangar’s river at contact time of 20 minutes. After adsorption, the water sample will be treating by Biosand Filtration (BSF). The function of BSF is to reduce the turbidity, changes of the colour of water sample, increase the pH and dissolved oxygen. The BSF will filter all the suspended matter in the water sample after adsorption.. Based on the result produced, the hypothesis was achieved. Overall, the highest adsorption of Fe by HRS leaves was 85.62% which when the 0.80g of adsorbent was added during week 2. In conclusion, the result showed that the average adsorption of Fe in each week achieved in a range of 70 to 80%. This proved that Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis leaves was an effective natural sorbent

Plastic pollution in the ocean

Plastic pollution in the ocean was first reported by scientists in the 1970s, yet in recent years it has drawn tremendous attention from the media, the public, and an increasing number of scientists spanning diverse fields, including polymer science, environmental engineering, ecology, toxicology, marine biology, and oceanography. In the oceans, the threat to marine life comes in various forms, such as overexploitation and harvesting, dumping of waste, pollution, alien species, land reclamation, dredging and global climate change. The extremely visible nature of much of this contamination is easy to convey in shocking images of piles of trash on coastlines, marine mammals entangled in fishing nets, or seabird bellies filled with bottle caps, cigarette lighters, and colourful shards of plastic. Even without these images, anyone who has visited a beach has certainly encountered discarded cigarette butts, broken beach toys left behind, or pieces of fishing gear or buoys that have washed ashore

Adsorption study of textile dye effluent using mixture of nanocrystalline cellulose and eggshell powder adsorbents

Today, textile industry produces dye wastewater which cause huge wellbeing risks to living organisms and degradation of the environment. The aim of this research was to study the capability of adsorption technique for dye removal from textile industry by using the mixture of nanocrystalline cellulose and eggshell powder (NCC+ESP) adsorbents. In this study, NCC+ESP adsorbents found to have high surface area and porosity from the characterization study which prove that they are suitable for adsorption. Adsorption studies were also carried out to determine the effect of adsorbent dose (8 g NCC+2-8 g of ESP), contact time (5-60 minutes), initial dye concentration (100-300 ADMI) and pH (2-10). Result from the determination of adsorbent dosage have shown that 8 g of NCC+5 g of ESP was the optimum amount for adsorption of dye which achieved 82.667% of dye removal. Equilibrium was attained at 30 minutes which reflects the maximum adsorption capacity. The extent of dye removal decreased from 90% to 84% with increase in the initial concentration of the dye. The adsorption capacities were shown to be favored at pH 6 which achieved 82.667% of dye removal. Lastly, this study also investigate the stability of NCC+ESP adsorbents after multiple batch adsorption cycles and the result found out that it can be considered reused effectively as the percentage of removal dye just a slightly decreased from 84% to 74%. In conclusion, this research indicated that NCC+ESP adsorbents could be efficiently and economically applied in removing dyes as well as reusing of these adsorbents could be employed as an alternative for dye remediation in the textile industrial

Effectiveness of lotus and duckweed in ferum removal to improve greywater quality

The broad environmental issue for surface water is the water pollution and always due to various industrial and domestic activities that produce liquid waste. The untreated wastewater that contain high concentration of ferum can lead to the damage healthy skin cells, causes of residue inside the pipes. Besides that, the The untreated greywater that contain high concentration of ferum can cause the growth rate of the plants reduced and affect the growth of aquatic organisms. The goal of this study is to test the greywater quality after planting lotus in the sample greywater. The parameters tests include the pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, concentration of ferum, dissolve oxygen (DO), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) and total suspended solids (TSS) of the sample greywater, before and after planted with lotus. The sample greywater tested for 3 days and 7 days after planted with the lotus to identify whether the duration of treatment can improve the water quality. This study also includes compare the effectiveness of lotus and duckweed in improving the quality of sample greywater. Results from the experiment showed that the lotus had the ability to reduce ferum and improve quality in the greywater to standard A. Besides that, the quality of sample greywater keeps on improving with the longer time planted with lotus. The sample greywater had the better quality after 7 days planted with lotus compare to the greywater that had planted by lotus for 3 days. For example, the concentration of ferum in greywater sample recorded as 0.28mg/L and reduced to 0.80mg/L after 7 days planted with lotus. The duckweed had the better ability to remove ferum and turbidity in the greywater whereas lotus had the better ability in increasing the DO and reducing the BOD and COD of the sample greywater. The percentage of duckweed in ferum removal recorded as 77.06% which is 50.45% higher than lotus