Changes in lipid oxidation of reconstituted omega-3 plus milk powder treated by superheated steam

In this study the effect of superheated steam on the oxidative stability of reconstituted omega-3plus milk powder was studied. The changes in fatty acids, peroxide, acids, thiobarbutric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and p-anisidine values were measured to reconstitute omega-3 plus milk powder in relation to thermal treatment by using a superheated steam (SHS) with different temperatures and time periods. The temperature and time period ranged from 120-180 °C between 5-15 min. For applying the SHS treatment did not produce changes in SFA, MUFA and PUFA at 120-150 °C to 10-15 min as compared with the control. While, the proportion of PUFA and MUFA values were recorded differences on temperature 180 °C comparison with control. The result of POV showed no changes between the temperature 120-150 °C compared with control, but indicated significant differences at the temperature 180 °C with long time 15 min. Acids and p- anisdine values did not show any differences between temperature 120-180 °C for a short period of time 5 min compare with the control, but recorded significantly on long period of time 10-15 min compared with the control. The values of TBARS showed no significant differences in temperature 120-150 for 5 min compare with control. This study showed oxidative stability of milk fat supplied long chain unsaturated fatty acids treated by SHS on temperature range 120-150 at time 5-10 min with some affected by the high temperature 180 °C at 15 min can maintain the quality of fatty acid and milk fat

Network-based RTK Positioning: Impact of Separating Dispersive and Non-dispersive Components on User-side Processing Strategy

The concept of network-based positioning has been extensively developed in order to better model the distance-dependent errors of GPS carrier-phase measurements. These errors can be separated into a frequency-dependent or dispersive component (e.g. the ionospheric delay) and a non-dispersive component (e.g. the tropospheric delay and orbit biases). In fact, dispersive and non-dispersive errors have different dynamic effects on the GPS network corrections. The separation of the two is useful for modelling the network corrections and can provide network users with more options for their data processing strategy. A simple running average is proposed in this paper to provide a stable network correction for the non-dispersive term. It is found that the non-dispersive correction can be used to obtain better ionosphere-free measurements, and therefore helpful in resolving the long-range integer ambiguity of the GPS carrier-phase measurements. Once the integer ambiguities have been resolved, dispersive and non-dispersive corrections can be applied to the fixed carrier-phase measurements for positioning step so as to improve the accuracy of the estimated coordinates. Instantaneous positioning, i.e. single-epoch positioning, has been tested for two regional networks: Sydney Network (SYDNET) and Singapore Integrated Multiple Reference Station (SIMRSN), Singapore. The test results have shown that the proposed strategy performs well in generating the network corrections, in fixing ambiguities and in computing a user’s position

GPS network-based approach to mitigate residual tropospheric delay in low latitude areas

A strong spatio-temporal variation of the wet component in the troposphere leaves us in a peculiar predicament. The residual tropospheric delay will remain in the measurements and therefore affect the estimation of related parameters. In the areas of hot and wet climate conditions, especially in the equatorial or low latitude regions, the strong tropospheric effect on GPS measurements is unquestionable. This study proposes geometric modeling through the network-based approach to mitigate the residual tropospheric delay in such regions. A part of Southeast Asia is selected as a test area for the study, which covers Malaysia and Singapore. Tests are conducted in post-processing but in the “simulating RTK� mode, and evaluated by the number of ambiguity fixes and the accuracy of the coordinate results. Network-based RTK positioning in low latitude areas has shown that the proposed technique can enhance ambiguity resolution by pivoting the ionosphere-free measurements through the mitigated residual tropospheric delay

Study on Color and Antioxidant Properties of Rambutan Seed Fat as Cocoa Butter Alternative

In this paper, the color (whiteness, L*, a*, b*) and antioxidant properties (radical scavenging activity, total phenolic compound) of rambutan seed fat (RSF) and its mixture with cocoa butter (CB) were investigated. Different proportions were applied in preparing the samples between (RSF) and (CB). The results showed that significant differences among samples in the whiteness, (L*) and (a*) value, whereas (b*) value had no significant differences. With regard antioxidant activity the results showed that total phenolic compound (TPC) of cocoa butter was (47.37±0.02) mg GA/100 g fat, while the other mixtures between (RSF) and (CB) showed (40.49±0.01-11.12±0.02) mg GA/100 g fat. Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) of cocoa butter valued (67.32±0.44) µmol trolox/100 g fat, similar to the mixture M1 (60.16±0.23). Based on the results the study recommended that mixture ratio up to 40% rambutan seed fat (RSF) can benefit as a cocoa butter replacer whereas a higher ratio completely change original cocoa butter characteristics. Thus, there is the possibility of using the (RSF) as replacer of (CB) and could utilize by chocolate products

Effect of Superheated Steam Treatment on Changes in Moisture Content and Colour Properties of Coconut Slices

Drying is one of the methods to preserve the quality and prolong the shelf life of food. Coconut meat was sliced and dried using superheated steam oven at 140°C, 160°C and 180°C. Drying was carried out at different drying time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes). The effect of drying temperature and time on the moisture content and colour properties (L, a, b and BI) of the coconut slices were studied. The temperature and time significantly (p < 0.05) affected the moisture loss and colour values of coconut slices during superheated steam drying. The moisture content decreased with increased drying temperature and time. The values of L decreased with drying temperature and time. The a and b value of coconut slice dried at 140°C decreased initially then increased with time. Coconut slices dried at 160°C had their a values increased up to 20 minutes then decreased and b values increased up to 20 minutes then fluctuated. The a and b values of coconut slices dried at 180°C showed fluctuation. BI values of coconut slices increased with increasing drying time and temperature

Stochastic modelling for network-based GPS positioning

Over the past few years the concept of network-based positioning has been developed in support of longer baseline processing compared with 'traditional' single reference station positioning. In fact network-based positioning enables the generation of so-called ‘virtual measurements’, which can significantly improve positioning results. Even though the virtual measurements are generated from the stochastic network estimates, the error propagation into the user position solution has not been investigated in any detail. The aim is to understand how the unique stochastic properties of the network corrections propagate into the uncertainties of the estimated parameters. Test results indicate that by using the virtual measurements and considering the propagation of the network stochastic properties can provide reliable results, both in terms of ambiguity resolution and baseline component estimation

DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AUTOMOTIVE BUMPER BEAM AT THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STAGE

Development of a given engineering automotive component is a crucial process. Determining various factors that influence the development process of product is very important. This paper presents the development of automotive bumper beam at the conceptual design stage. The total design approach was employed to generate and design the conceptual design of automotive bumper beam. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to assist designers in determining the most appropriate decisions at the conceptual design stage. The paper reveals that the design concept 6 (DC-6) with a weight of 0.191 (19.1%) is the most appropriate decision during the development process at the conceptual design stage

Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs): a Case Study From Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.4.1.49-59The topic on Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs) in Malaysia is relatively new and received little attention from geoscientists and engineers. This research paper tries to formulate the concept of LVAs by taking into account the science and socio-economic aspects. A new approach in vulnerability concept is also introduced herein. To achieve this goal, a framework was designed for assessing the LVAs. The framework was formulated semiquantitatively through the development of database for the risk elements (human and properties) based on information from secondary data (technical reports), extensive review of literature, and field observations. The vulnerability parameters included in assessing LVAs are 1) physical implication (building structures, internal materials, property damage, infrastructural facilities, and stabilization actions), 2) social status (injury, fatalities, safety, loss of accommodation, and public awareness), and 3) interference on environment (affected period, daily operation, and diversity). Each considered parameter in the vulnerability assessment is allocated with a certain index value ranges from 0 (0 % damage/victims/period), 0.25 (1 - 25% damage/victims/period), 0.50 (26 - 50% damage/victims/period), 0.75 (51 - 75% damage/victims/period), and 1.00 (75 - 100% damage/victims/period). All of these parameters are compiled and analyzed with “Landslide Distribution Map” (LDM) to generate a “Landslide Vulnerability Degree map (LVD)”. The LDM was produced based on field studies and satellite image interpretations in order to locate the landslide locations in the studied area. Finally, three types of physical, human, and environment vulnerabilities were then classified into five classes of vulnerabilities, namely: Class 1 (< 0.20): Very Low Vulnerability; Class 2 (0.21 - 0.40): Low Vulnerability; Class 3 (0.41 - 0.60): Medium Vulnerability; Class 4 (0.61 - 0.80): High Vulnerability); and Class 5 (> 0.81): Very High Vulnerability. Results from this study indicate that a further study is needed to the areas of high to very high vulnerability only. This LVAs approach is suitable as a guideline for preliminary development planning, controlling, and managing the landslide hazard /risk in the studied area and potentially to be extended with different background environments