314 research outputs found
3_D modeling using TLS and GPR techniques to characterize above and below-ground wood distribution in pyroclastic deposits along the Blanco River (Chilean Patagonia)
To date, the study of in-stream wood in rivers has been focused mainly on quantifying wood pieces deposited above
the ground. However, in some particular river systems, the presence of buried dead wood can also represent an
important component of wood recruitment and budgeting dynamics. This is the case of the Blanco River (Southern
Chile) severely affected by the eruption of Chait\ue9n Volcano occurred between 2008 and 2009. The high pyroclastic
sediment deposition and transport affected the channel and the adjacent forest, burying wood logs and standing
trees. The aim of this contribution is to assess the presence and distribution of wood in two study areas (483 m2 and
1989 m2, respectively) located along the lower streambank of the Blanco River, and covered by thick pyroclastic
deposition up to 5 m. The study areas were surveyed using two different devices, a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS)
and a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The first was used to scan the above surface achieving a high point cloud
density ( 48 2000 points m-2) which allowed us to identify and measure the wood volume. The second, was used
to characterize the internal morphology of the volcanic deposits and to detect the presence and spatial distribution
of buried wood up to a depth of 4 m. Preliminary results have demonstrated differences in the numerousness and
volume of above wood between the two study areas. In the first one, there were 43 wood elements, 33 standing
trees and 10 logs, with a total volume of 2.96 m3 (109.47 m3 km-1), whereas the second one was characterized
by the presence of just 7 standing trees and 11 wood pieces, for a total amount of 0.77 m3 (7.73 m3 km-1). The
dimensions of the wood elements vary greatly according to the typology, standing trees show the higher median
values in diameter and length (0.15 m and 2.91 m, respectively), whereas the wood logs were smaller (0.06 m and
1.12 m, respectively). The low dimensions of deposited wood can be probably connected to their origin, suggesting
that these elements were generated by toppling and breaking of surrounding dead trees. Results obtained with the
GPR confirm the ability of this instrument to localize the presence and distribution of buried wood. From the 3-
D analysis it was possible to assess the spatial distribution and to estimate, as first approach, the volume of the
buried wood which represents approximately 0.04% of the entire volcanic deposit. Further analysis will focus on
additional GPR calibration with different wood sizes for a more accurate estimation of the volume. The knowledge
of the overall wood amount stored in a fluvial system that can be remobilized over time, represent an essential
factor to ensure better forest and river management actions
Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae, McGregor): o ácaro predador dominante em pomares comerciais de macieira conduzidos nos Sistema Convencional e Produção Integrada.
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What can we do to reduce disciplinary school exclusion? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Objectives: To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the evidence for the impact of different types of school-based interventions on the reduction of school exclusion.
Methods: A systematic search of 27 databases including published and unpublished literature was carried out between September and December 2015. Eligible studies evaluated interventions intended to reduce the rates of exclusion; targeted children from ages four to 18 in mainstream schools; and reported results of interventions delivered from 1980 onwards. Only randomised controlled trials were included. Two independent reviewers determined study eligibility, extracted data and rated the methodological quality of studies.
Results: Based on the thirty-seven studies eligible for meta-analysis, under a random effects model, results showed that school-based interventions significantly reduced school exclusion during the first six months after implementation SMD=.30, 95% CI [.20, .41], p<.001. The impact at follow-up (i.e., 12 or more months) was reduced by half and it was not statistically significant. Heterogeneity was mainly explained by the role of the evaluator: independent evaluators reported lower effect sizes than researchers involved in the design and/or delivery of the intervention. Four approaches presented promising and significant results in reducing exclusion: enhancement of academic skills, counselling, mentoring/monitoring, and skills training for teachers.
Conclusions: Results suggest that school-based interventions can be effective in reducing school exclusion in the short term. Some specific types of interventions show more promising and stable results, but, based on the small number of studies involved in our calculations, we suggest that results are interpreted with caution.Nuffield Foundation
Beca Chil
Produção Integrada de Frutas: uma nova oportunidade para o mercado varejista ofertar frutas de qualidade diferenciada.
o sistema de Produção Integrada de Frutas (PIF) é uma inovação tecnológica e organizacional na fruticultura brasileira e iniciou no Brasil com a cadeia produtiva da maçã. A partir de um intenso esforço de parceria entre instituições públicas e privadas resultou no desenvolvimento de um sistema que possibilita a produção de frutas com base tecnológica moderna e ambientalmente sustentável, com registro de atividades sujeitas a auditorias delegadas pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) ao Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (Inmetro). Esta instituição pública credencia organismos de avaliação da conformidade (certificadoras) referente a uma norma técnica que é um documento oficial do governo brasileiro.bitstream/item/200231/1/8358-2007-p.10.pd
Características e controle da podridão "olho de boi" nas maçãs do sul do Brasil.
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Seasonal variation in sex-specific immunity in wild birds
Whilst the immune system often varies seasonally and exhibits differences between males and
females, the general patterns in seasonality and sex differences across taxa have remained
controversial. Birds are excellent model organisms to assess these patterns, because the immune
system of many species is well characterised. We conducted a meta-analysis using 41 wild bird
species from 24 avian families to investigate sex differences and seasonal (breeding/non-breeding)
variations in immune status, including white blood cell counts, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) test,
bacteria-killing ability (BKA), haemolysis and haemagglutination assays. We found male-biased
macrophage concentration, BKA and haemolysis titers, but only during the breeding season. Sexspecific
heterophil concentrations, heterophil/lymphocyte ratios and PHA responses differed between
breeding and non-breeding, suggesting larger changes in males than in females. Importantly, sex
differences in immune status are stronger during the breeding period than during the non-breeding
period. Taken together, our study suggests that both seasonal variation and sex differences in immune
system are common in birds, although their associations are more complex than previously thoughtPeer reviewe
Seasonal variation in sex-specific immunity in wild birds
Whilst the immune system often varies seasonally and exhibits differences between males and females, the general patterns in seasonality and sex differences across taxa have remained controversial. Birds are excellent model organisms to assess these patterns, because the immune system of many species is well characterised. We conducted a meta-analysis using 41 wild bird species from 24 avian families to investigate sex differences and seasonal (breeding/non-breeding) variations in immune status, including white blood cell counts, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) test, bacteria-killing ability (BKA), haemolysis and haemagglutination assays. We found male-biased macrophage concentration, BKA and haemolysis titers, but only during the breeding season. Sex-specific heterophil concentrations, heterophil/lymphocyte ratios and PHA responses differed between breeding and non-breeding, suggesting larger changes in males than in females. Importantly, sex differences in immune status are stronger during the breeding period than during the non-breeding period. Taken together, our study suggests that both seasonal variation and sex differences in immune system are common in birds, although their associations are more complex than previously thought
Projeto-piloto de promoção comercial de frutas da produção integrada: fundamentos e resultados.
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Crescimento micelial e produção de conídios de Cryptosporiosis perennans, agente causal da mancha foliar da 'Gala', em diferentes meios de cultura.
Vários fatores interferem no crescimento micelial e produção de conídios para a correta identificação de espécies de Cryptosporiopsis perennans. Avaliou-se o crescimento micelial c a esporulação de conídios de 9 isolados (Embrapa I a 9) de C. perennans em 3 meio de cultura, BDA (Batata-dextrose-ágar), Extrato de Malte (malte) e V8 ágar sob regime de fotoperíodo de 12 horas.Resumo 286
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